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Autoimmunity, COVID-19 Omicron Variant, and Olfactory Dysfunction: A Literature Review.
Patt, Yonatan Shneor; Fisher, Lior; David, Paula; Bergwerk, Moriah; Shoenfeld, Yehuda.
  • Patt YS; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel.
  • Fisher L; Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.
  • David P; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6209813, Israel.
  • Bergwerk M; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5265601, Israel.
  • Shoenfeld Y; Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.
Diagnostics (Basel) ; 13(4)2023 Feb 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2234249
ABSTRACT
Smelling is a critical sense utilized daily. Consequently, smelling impairment or anosmia may lead to a reduction in life quality. Systemic diseases and particular autoimmune conditions can impair olfactory function; among others are Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Interactions between the olfactory process and the immune systems cause this phenomenon. Alongside autoimmune conditions, in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, anosmia was also described as a prevalent infection symptom. Nevertheless, the occurrence of anosmia is significantly less common in Omicron-infected patients. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. One possibility is that the Omicron variant preferentially enters host cells via endocytosis, rather than plasma cell membrane fusion. This endosomal pathway is less dependent on the activation of Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), expressed at the olfactory epithelium. As a result, the Omicron variant may have reduced efficiency in penetrating the olfactory epithelium, leading to a lower prevalence of anosmia. Furthermore, olfactory changes are known to be associated with inflammatory conditions. The Omicron variant elicits a less robust autoimmune and inflammatory response, believed to reduce the probability of anosmia. This review elaborates on the commonalities and differences in autoimmune and COVID-19 omicron-associated anosmia.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Observational study / Reviews Topics: Variants Language: English Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Diagnostics13040641

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Observational study / Reviews Topics: Variants Language: English Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Diagnostics13040641