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Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
Wang, Yang; Tang, Cynthia Y; Wan, Xiu-Feng.
  • Wang Y; MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
  • Tang CY; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
  • Wan XF; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Anal Bioanal Chem ; 414(9): 2841-2881, 2022 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2286262
ABSTRACT
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Influenza Vaccines / Influenza, Human / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines / Variants Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Anal Bioanal Chem Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S00216-021-03806-6

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Influenza Vaccines / Influenza, Human / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines / Variants Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Anal Bioanal Chem Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S00216-021-03806-6