A new autophagy-driven protective pathway of Haematococcus astaxanthin against chemical damage in wistar rats with gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury

ABSTRACT

Astaxanthin was established to conserve kidney function and subcellular structure through anti-oxidation and/or the free radical scavenging system, yet little research linked a new protective effect to autophagy or lysosomes. We pre-fed Wistar rats with natural astaxanthin, β-carotene, or placebo and induced acute kidney injury using gentamicin, before examining renal tissues and measuring physiological indices. Qualitative evidence from histopathological and subcellular images, along with quantitative evidence showing treatment effects on blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (p < 0.01), indicated that esterified Haematococcus astaxanthin surpassed β-carotene at effectively counteracting chemical damage and protecting the kidneys from injury. Proliferation of enlarged lysosomes and mediation analysis results revealing enhanced lysosomal acid phosphatase activity were consistent with the hypothesized autophagy-lysosomal pathway being up-regulated by astaxanthin intake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the protective effect of astaxanthin against acute kidney injury exerted through the autophagy-lysosomal detoxification pathway, which totally different from the anti-oxidation and/or conventional SOD-dependent free radical scavenging system, was demonstrated with strong evidence. In light of the pandemic outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia associated with a virus preferentially targeting the renal tubular cells, dietary astaxanthin may help bring down incidence rate of coronavirus disease, cases of acute kidney injury secondary to the disease, and mortality rate from acute kidney injury, especially when a standard of care treatment for the infectious disease is pending. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.