Analysis on the research progress and prospect of novel coronavirus vaccine

ABSTRACT

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (2019-NCOV), caused by the novel coronavirus (2019-NCOV), is raging around the world and has become an important global public health problem threatening human health. Since the outbreak in 2019, as of early October 2022, the cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 have reached 615, 689, 999 and the cumulative death cases have reached 6, 526, 739. The top five countries with the most confirmed cases are the United States, India, France, Brazil, and Germany. Currently, many people worldwide are still at risk of morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. In the absence of specific drugs, vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective way to block the spread of the virus. As of July 2022, 16 vaccines have been approved for marketing or emergency use, and more than 250 vaccines are under development, among which 167 are in phase III clinical trials. By September 2022, nine vaccines had been conditionally marketed or approved for emergency use in China. This paper mainly reviews the specific characteristics and research and development status of various COVID-19 vaccines, as well as their safety and effectiveness. In addition, the future trends and challenges of vaccine research and development are analyzed based on the current situation. © 2023 SPIE.