The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
; 46(1): 10-26, 2021 Jan.
Article
in English
| MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-639400
ABSTRACT
Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk is thought to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses to an infant. Some viruses may be secreted into milk - others may be contaminants. The effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in human milk has yet to be rigorously reviewed. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of common pasteurization techniques on viruses in human milk and non-human milk matrices. Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) were searched from inception to April 20th, 2020, for primary research articles assessing the impact of pasteurization on viral load or detection of live virus. Reviews were excluded, as were studies lacking quantitative measurements or those assessing pasteurization as a component of a larger process. Overall, of 65 131 reports identified, 109 studies were included. Pasteurization of human milk at a minimum temperature of 56-60 °C is effective at reducing detectable live virus. In cell culture media or plasma, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are highly susceptible to heating at ≥56 °C. Although pasteurization parameters and matrices reported vary, all viruses studied, except parvoviruses, were susceptible to thermal killing. Future research important for the study of novel viruses should standardize pasteurization protocols and should test inactivation in human milk. Novelty In all matrices, including human milk, pasteurization at 62.5 °C was generally sufficient to reduce surviving viral load by several logs or to below the limit of detection. Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk should be sufficient to inactivate nonheat resistant viruses, including coronaviruses, if present.
Keywords
Full text:
Available
Collection:
International databases
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Viral Load
/
Milk
/
Pasteurization
/
Milk, Human
Type of study:
Experimental Studies
/
Prognostic study
/
Reviews
Limits:
Animals
/
Humans
Language:
English
Journal:
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
Journal subject:
Nutritional Sciences
/
Physiology
/
Sports Medicine
/
Metabolism
Year:
2021
Document Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Apnm-2020-0388
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