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Breath analysis for detection of viral infection, the current position of the field.
Gould, Oliver; Ratcliffe, Norman; Król, Ewelina; de Lacy Costello, Ben.
  • Gould O; Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
J Breath Res ; 14(4): 041001, 2020 07 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-682126
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of rapid, cost effective, accurate, and non-invasive testing for viral infections. Volatile compounds (VCs) have been suggested for several decades as fulfilling these criteria. However currently very little work has been done in trying to diagnose viral infections using VCs. Much of the work carried out to date involves the differentiation of bacterial and viral sources of infection and often the detection of bacterial and viral co-infection. However, this has usually been done in vitro and very little work has involved the use of human participants. Viruses hijack the host cell metabolism and do not produce their own metabolites so identifying virus specific VCs is at best a challenging task. However, there are proteins and lipids that are potential candidates as markers of viral infection. The current understanding is that host cell glycolysis is upregulated under viral infection to increase the available energy for viral replication. There is some evidence that viral infection leads to the increase of production of fatty acids, alkanes, and alkanes related products. For instance, 2,3-butandione, aldehydes, 2,8-dimethyl-undecane and n-propyl acetate have all been correlated with viral infection. Currently, the literature points to markers of oxidative stress (e.g. nitric oxide, aldehydes etc) being the most useful in the determination of viral infection. The issue, however, is that there are also many other conditions that can lead to oxidative stress markers being produced. In this review a range of (mainly mass spectrometric) methods are discussed for viral detection in breath, including breath condensate. Currently MALDI-ToF-MS is likely to be the preferred method for the identification of viral strains and variants of those strains, however it is limited by its need for the viral strains to have been sequenced and logged in a database.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Breath Tests / Virus Diseases Type of study: Diagnostic study / Prognostic study Topics: Variants Language: English Journal: J Breath Res Year: 2020 Document Type: Article

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Breath Tests / Virus Diseases Type of study: Diagnostic study / Prognostic study Topics: Variants Language: English Journal: J Breath Res Year: 2020 Document Type: Article