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Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study.
Jia, Ru; Ayling, Kieran; Chalder, Trudie; Massey, Adam; Broadbent, Elizabeth; Coupland, Carol; Vedhara, Kavita.
  • Jia R; Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
  • Ayling K; Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
  • Chalder T; Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Massey A; Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
  • Broadbent E; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Coupland C; Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
  • Vedhara K; Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK kavita.vedhara@nottingham.ac.uk.
BMJ Open ; 10(9): e040620, 2020 09 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-772181
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES:

Previous pandemics have resulted in significant consequences for mental health. Here, we report the mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in a UK cohort and examine modifiable and non-modifiable explanatory factors associated with mental health outcomes. We focus on the first wave of data collection, which examined short-term consequences for mental health, as reported during the first 4-6 weeks of social distancing measures being introduced.

DESIGN:

Cross-sectional online survey.

SETTING:

Community cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS:

N=3097 adults aged ≥18 years were recruited through a mainstream and social media campaign between 3 April 2020 and 30 April 2020. The cohort was predominantly female (n=2618); mean age 44 years; 10% (n=296) from minority ethnic groups; 50% (n=1559) described themselves as key workers and 20% (n=649) identified as having clinical risk factors putting them at increased risk of COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME

MEASURES:

Depression, anxiety and stress scores.

RESULTS:

Mean scores for depression ([Formula see text] =7.69, SD=6.0), stress ([Formula see text] =6.48, SD=3.3) and anxiety ([Formula see text] = 6.48, SD=3.3) significantly exceeded population norms (all p<0.0001). Analysis of non-modifiable factors hypothesised to be associated with mental health outcomes indicated that being younger, female and in a recognised COVID-19 risk group were associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, with the final multivariable models accounting for 7%-14% of variance. When adding modifiable factors, significant independent effects emerged for positive mood, perceived loneliness and worry about getting COVID-19 for all outcomes, with the final multivariable models accounting for 54%-57% of total variance.

CONCLUSIONS:

Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals who identified as being in recognised COVID-19 risk groups. Public health and mental health interventions able to ameliorate perceptions of risk of COVID-19, worry about COVID-19 loneliness and boost positive mood may be effective.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Anxiety / Pneumonia, Viral / Stress, Psychological / Coronavirus Infections / Depression / Employment Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adolescent / Adult / Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged / Young adult Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: BMJ Open Year: 2020 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Bmjopen-2020-040620

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Anxiety / Pneumonia, Viral / Stress, Psychological / Coronavirus Infections / Depression / Employment Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adolescent / Adult / Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged / Young adult Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: BMJ Open Year: 2020 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Bmjopen-2020-040620