Increased travel times to United States SARS-CoV-2 testing sites: a spatial modeling study (preprint)

ABSTRACT

ImportanceAccess to testing is key to a successful response to the COVID-19 pandemic. ObjectiveTo determine the geographic accessibility to SARS-CoV-2 testing sites in the United States, as quantified by travel time. DesignCross-sectional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing sites as of April 7, 2020 in relation to travel time. SettingUnited States COVID-19 pandemic. ParticipantsThe United States, including the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. ExposuresPopulation density, percent minority, percent uninsured, and median income by county from the 2018 American Community Survey demographic data. Main OutcomeSARS-CoV-2 testing sites identified in two national databases (Carbon Health and CodersAgainstCovid), geocoded by address. Median county 1 km2 gridded friction surface of travel times, as a measure of geographic accessibility to SARS-CoV-2 testing sites. Results6,236 unique SARS-CoV-2 testing sites in 3,108 United States counties were identified. Thirty percent of the U.S. population live in a county (N = 1,920) with a median travel time over 20 minutes. This was geographically heterogeneous; 86% of the Mountain division population versus 5% of the Middle Atlantic population lived in counties with median travel times over 20 min. Generalized Linear Models showed population density, percent minority, percent uninsured and median income were predictors of median travel time to testing sites. For example, higher percent uninsured was associated with longer travel time ({beta} = 0.41 min/percent, 95% confidence interval 0.3-0.53, p = 1.2x10-12), adjusting for population density. Conclusions and RelevanceGeographic accessibility to SARS-Cov-2 testing sites is reduced in counties with lower population density and higher percent of minority and uninsured, which are also risk factors for worse healthcare access and outcomes. Geographic barriers to SARS-Cov-2 testing may exacerbate health inequalities and bias county-specific transmission estimates. Geographic accessibility should be considered when planning the location of future testing sites and interpreting epidemiological data. Key PointsO_LISARS-CoV-2 testing sites are distributed unevenly in the US geography and population. C_LIO_LIMedian county-level travel time to SARS-CoV-2 testing sites is longer in less densely populated areas, and in areas with a higher percentage of minority or uninsured populations. C_LIO_LIImproved geographic accessibility to testing sites is imperative to manage the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. C_LI