Human hormones at trace levels
play a vital
role in the
regulation of a variety of functions and systems in the body, and an imbalance in
hormone levels can
lead to the emergence and development of diverse
diseases. Therefore, the development of reliable sample pretreatment
methods and sensitive and accurate
analytical techniques for
human hormone detection could contribute to the prevention,
diagnosis and
treatment of
diseases, providing significant improvement for
human health.
Human samples which are usually used to detecting
hormones, such as
blood,
saliva,
urine and other matrix are more complex, so sample pretreatment is an important step to ensure the accuracy and reliability in the
detection of
hormones. In this
review three common sample pretreatment
methods including
solid phase extraction (SPE),
liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and
protein precipitation (PP)
methods are discussed. Then, recent
research progress in conventional
techniques like liquid/
gas chromatography and liquid/
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS/MS), as well as some novel
strategies, such as
immunoassay including
chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), lateral-flow
immunoassay (LFIA) and
time-resolved
fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA), and sensor
technology including electrochemical (EC), fluorescent (FL) and surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, and
microfluidic chip
analysis are discussed for
human hormone detection. Finally, the
future perspective on the use of these
methods for
hormone detection is considered. It is hoped to provide powerful insights to
researchers for the relevant researches.