ABSTRACT
Bacteria are the simplest cellular model in which amyloidosis has been addressed. It is well documented that bacterial consortia (biofilms) assemble their extracellular matrix on an amyloid scaffold, yet very few intracellular amyloids are known in bacteria. Here, we describe the methods we have resorted to characterize in Escherichia coli cells the amyloidogenesis, propagation, and dynamics of the RepA-WH1 prionoid. This prion-like protein, a manifold domain from the plasmid replication protein RepA, itself capable of assembling a functional amyloid, causes when expressed in E. coli a synthetic amyloid proteinopathy, the first model for an amyloid disease with a purely bacterial origin. These protocols are useful to study other intracellular amyloids in bacteria.
Subject(s)
DNA Helicases/chemistry , DNA Helicases/metabolism , Escherichia coli/physiology , Trans-Activators/chemistry , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Amyloid/chemistry , Amyloid/metabolism , Biofilms , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Microscopy, Immunoelectron , Protein Aggregates , Protein Domains , Time-Lapse ImagingABSTRACT
Hsp70 chaperones, besides their role in assisting protein folding, are key modulators of protein disaggregation, being consistently found as components of most macromolecular assemblies isolated in proteome-wide affinity purifications. A wealth of structural information has been recently acquired on Hsp70s complexed with Hsp40 and NEF co-factors and with small hydrophobic target peptides. However, knowledge of how Hsp70s recognize large protein substrates is still limited. Earlier, we reported that homologue Hsp70 chaperones (DnaK in Escherichia coli and Ssa1-4p/Ssb1-2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) bind strongly, both in vitro and in vivo, to the AAA+ domain in the Orc4p subunit of yeast origin recognition complex (ORC). ScORC is the paradigm for eukaryotic DNA replication initiators and consists of six distinct protein subunits (ScOrc1p-ScOrc 6p). Here, we report that a hydrophobic sequence (IL(4)) in the initiator specific motif (ISM) in Orc4p is the main target for DnaK/Hsp70. The three-dimensional electron microscopy reconstruction of a stable Orc4p(2)-DnaK complex suggests that the C-terminal substrate-binding domain in the chaperone clamps the AAA+ IL(4) motif in one Orc4p molecule, with the substrate-binding domain lid subdomain wedging apart the other Orc4p subunit. Pairwise co-expression in E. coli shows that Orc4p interacts with Orc1/2/5p. Mutation of IL(4) selectively disrupts Orc4p interaction with Orc2p. Allelic substitution of ORC4 by mutants in each residue of IL(4) results in lethal (I184A) or thermosensitive (L185A and L186A) initiation-defective phenotypes in vivo. The interplay between Hsp70 chaperones and the Orc4p-IL(4) motif might have an adaptor role in the sequential, stoichiometric assembly of ScORC subunits.
