Fattening Pigs with Tannin-Rich Source (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and High Doses of Vitamin E: Effects on Growth Performance, Economics, Digestibility, Physiology, and Behaviour.

This study aimed to assess the impact on growth, economic results, apparent nutrient digestibility (CTTAD), physiological variables, and animal behaviour when 214 fattening pigs (78 ± 8.5 kg of initial body weight and 130 ± 4.5 days of age) of both sexes (gilts and boars) were fed two levels of carob pulp (Cp, 0 vs. 20%) and two doses of vitamin E (Vit E, 30 vs. 300 IU/kg) for 40 days. No interaction effects between factors studied (Cp, Vit E, and sex) were observed on the variables. Most productive traits were unaffected by Cp or Vit E inclusion. However, the Cp increased the feed conversion ratio during the first 20 days. The Cp group showed a higher CTTAD of ether extract and hemicellulose but lower CTTAD of crude protein. Pigs fed Cp had a lower plasmatic urea content than the control group. The high Vit E doses increased the CTTAD of every nutrient and the plasmatic α-tocopherol content. The pigs fed Cp tended to spend more time eating in the early morning, likely to mitigate tannins' astringent effects. Dietary inclusion of 20% Cp in finishing high-conformation pigs is possible without affecting overall performance though it reduces nutrient CTTAD and increases feeding cost. Supra-nutritional doses of Vit E do not affect pig performance but increase the α-tocopherol deposition with potential antioxidant effects.

Improving the Meat and Meat Product Quality of Rare Pork Breeds and Genetic Types.

Pork is the most consumed meat globally, particularly in Asia, Europe, and America [...].

A Preliminary Evaluation of Sex and Dietary Field Pea Effects on Sensory Characteristics of Dry-Cured Loins.

Two of the main issues related to cured meat products are castration to avoid boar taint and the hefty reliance on soybean meal to feed pigs. However, data on the effects of immunocastration in pigs and alternative crop protein feeds on the sensory traits and consumers' acceptance of dry-cured loin are still limited. A preliminary study was conducted on the effect of sex type (surgical castrated male pigs and immunocastrated male and female pigs, at approximately 140 kg in weight and 7 months of age) and animal diet (pea vs. soya) on dry-cured loins. The study involved a sensory evaluation of six treatments, with a 3 × 2 factorial design, conducted by trained panellists and untrained consumers in Spain (n = 126) and Portugal (n = 80). The consumers were also checked for their skatole sensitivity using a pure substance. The results showed that the pea-based diet was significantly different (p < 0.001) from the soy-based diet, as determined by a trained panel of surgically castrated male pigs, although the immunocastration treatments were not split. Dry-cured loin from immunocastrated male pigs fed with peas was considered tenderer and juicier (p < 0.05) than those fed soya-based diets. The untrained consumer panel scored higher on the sensory traits (flavour, juiciness, and overall liking) from the loin samples of surgically castrated male pigs fed a pea diet. All consumers scored similarly in boar taint detection. This study demonstrates the applicability of the pea-based diet for the feeding of pigs destined for cured meat and highlights immunocastration as a tool that does not compromise the skatole detection score.

Impact of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp inclusion and warm season on gastrointestinal morphological parameters, immune-redox defences and coccidiosis in concentrate-fed light lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp and warm season on gastrointestinal morphological parameters, immune-redox defences and coccidiosis in concentrate-fed light lambs. Weaned lambs were assigned to one of three concentrate-based diets: C0 (without carob pulp), C15 (150 g/kg of carob pulp) and C30 (300 g/kg of carob pulp) from 40 to 80 days of age in two consecutive cold and warm batches. Blood samples were collected at Day 80 to determine the metabolic status. Rectal faeces were sampled at Days 50, 65 and 80 to determine consistency and oocyst count per gram. Inclusion of carob pulp in lamb diets did not affect lamb growth but reduced coccidia oocyst excretion, improved faecal consistency and gastrointestinal morphological parameters, enhancing the ruminal thickness of the papilla living strata and reducing the darkness of the epithelium colour. Moreover, carob condensed tannins in the lambs' diet enhanced the expression of antioxidant SOD2 in rumen, while down-regulated NRF2, SOD1, CAT and PPARG in ileum. There was no interaction between the treatments and season in the evaluated variables. Lambs from the warm season exhibited reduced growth performance, altered ruminal epithelium, lower circulating iron levels, increased protein concentrations and higher coccidiosis susceptibility. In addition, regulatory immune and antioxidant mechanisms to counterbalance reactive oxygen species production in gastrointestinal tissues were evident. Dietary inclusion of carob pulp (150 and 300 g/kg) in lamb diets improved gastrointestinal health and homeostasis but did not ameliorate the deleterious effects of warm season.

Colour Stability, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Oxidation in Meat Stored in Modified Atmosphere Packaging from Light Lambs Fed with Concentrate with Carob Pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L.).

There is a growing interest in using by-products rich in polyphenols, such as carob pulp (Cp, Ceratonia siliqua L.), as a dietary source of antioxidants for animals. This study assesses the effects of including Cp in lambs' diet and meat display time (0, 7, 9, and 11 days) in modified atmosphere packaging on meat colour, fatty acid (FA) composition, tocopherol levels, and lipid oxidation values in the Semimembranosus muscle of 40 light lambs. The lambs were fed with concentrates supplemented with increasing Cp levels (0, 150, and 300 g/kg) for 45 days before slaughter. Metmyoglobin (MMb) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased linearly with display time (p < 0.05), regardless of diet (p > 0.05). At 11 days of display, MMb (28 ± 0.8%) and MDA (0.6 ± 0.1 mg MDA/kg of meat) contents remained within the acceptable limits. The α-tocopherol content was lower in the 30% Cp group and meat (p < 0.05). Total saturated and monounsaturated FA contents (934 ± 64 and 823 ± 65 mg/100 g of meat, respectively) did not differ significantly among the groups. However, the meat from lambs fed with 30% Cp showed reduced levels of branched-chain FAs, while polyunsaturated FAs increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control lambs. The inclusion of Cp in the lamb's diet, up to 30%, did not lead to meat deterioration and improved certain quality parameters, including a healthier FA profile. These findings highlight Cp's potential as an alternative antioxidant source in animal diets.

Locally Grown Crops and Immunocastration in Fattening Heavy Pigs: Effects on Performance and Welfare.

This study aimed to explore dietary replacement soybean meal (SBM) with local pea seeds (PS-L) and the effects of surgically castrated (CM) or immunocastration (IM) in heavy male pigs, on growth performance, feeding behaviour, and tail and ear lesions. Four treatments were arranged factorially (2 × 2), with two sexes and two dietary treatments (96 pigs in eight pens). The inclusion of PS-L was 25%, 30%, and 40% during three phases (40−80 kg, 80−110 kg, and 110−140 kg, respectively). No difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and body-weight (BW) between PS-L and SBM could be demonstrated (p > 0.05), but PS-L diet decreased the average daily gain (ADG) at 110−140 kg of BW (p < 0.001) and increased feed conversion rate (FCR) (p < 0.05). The ADG was higher (p < 0.01) in IM than CM in all fattening periods, and the FCR in IM was lower (p < 0.05) than in barrows. IM pigs had lower dressing percentage than CM (p < 0.01). Pigs fed a PS-L diet ate faster but increased their passive behaviour compared with those fed SBM. In conclusion, the PS-L diet did not reduce BW and improved passive behaviour, and IM grew more efficiently, regardless of diet.

Effect of Castration Type and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Sex Hormones and Metabolites, and Carcass Quality of Heavy Male Pigs.

A trial was carried out to study the effect of type of castration and diet on pigs destined for Teruel ham production, which is a Spanish protected designation of origin for dry-cured ham. A total of 144 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs were used. Half of them were surgically castrated and the other half were immunocastrated with three doses at approximately 25, 58 and 79 kg of body weight. Furthermore, three diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein-CP- and amino acids-AA) were tested from 80 to 137 kg of body weight. Growth performance, serum sex hormones and metabolites, and carcass quality were evaluated. Immunocastrated males grew faster and had better feed conversion ratio than surgically castrated males, but presented lower carcass fatness. Pigs fed the high-energy diet and the low-CP and -AA diet were more efficient at transforming feed into gain than those fed the control diet, but no effect was detected on carcass quality. In conclusion, surgically castrated males are preferable than immunocastrated males for Teruel dry-cured ham elaboration. Besides, a high-energy diet or a low-CP and -AA diet might improve productive performances, but does not provide any benefit in terms of carcass quality.

Insights into the role of major bioactive dietary nutrients in lamb meat quality: a review.

Feed supplementation with α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) increases their content in muscle, ALA increases n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and decrease n-6/n-3 ratio in muscle, and LA increases rumenic acid. However, high LA supplementation may have negative effects on lambs' lipid oxidative stability of meat. When the sources of ALA and LA are fed as fresh forage, the negative effects are counterbalanced by the presence of other bioactive compounds, as vitamin E (mainly α-tocopherol) and polyphenols, which delay the lipid oxidation in meat. There is a wide consensus on the capability of vitamin E delaying lipid oxidation on lamb meat, and its feed content should be adjusted to the length of supplementation. A high dietary inclusion of proanthocyanidins, phenolic compounds and terpenes reduce the lipid oxidation in muscle and may improve the shelf life of meat, probably as a result of a combined effect with dietary vitamin E. However, the recommended dietary inclusion levels depend on the polyphenol type and concentration and antioxidant capacity of the feedstuffs, which cannot be compared easily because no routine analytical grading methods are yet available. Unless phenolic compounds content in dietary ingredients/supplements for lambs are reported, no specific association with animal physiology responses may be established.

Influence of Immunocastration and Diet on Meat and Fat Quality of Heavy Female and Male Pigs.

Two experiments were carried out; one with female pigs and the other with male pigs destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production, to evaluate the effect of immunocastration (entire gilts-EG vs. immunocastrated gilts-IG and surgically castrated males vs. immunocastrated males-IM) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on meat quality and fat composition. Fifteen meat samples and eight fat samples of each treatment were analyzed in both experiments. In the case of males, six fat samples per treatment were analyzed to determine boar taint. Immunocastration is a good strategy in gilts intended for dry-cured ham production because improves meat composition; however, in males, immunocastration impairs the results of pork chemical composition compared with surgical castration. The IG presented a lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio than EG, improving fat technological quality. Diets had little effect on pork or fat quality in gilts, but a high-energy level using oilseeds and a low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diet from 80 to 137 kg of body weight could be interesting in IM to maintain or increase fat consistency, respectively. Moreover, in general, immunocastration is effective in avoiding boar taint in males.

Principales etiquetas diagnósticas enfermeras y diagnósticos médicos en una unidad hospitalaria de enfermedades infecciosas / Main nursing diagnostic labels and medical diagnoses in a hospital unit of infectious diseases

Objetivo: identificar las principales etiquetas diagnósticas de Enfermería (EDE) y los principales diagnósticos médicos motivo de ingreso en una Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, y establecer la asociación de las EDE con el sexo, la edad y los días de ingreso en el momento de recogida de datos.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se anotó la edad, el sexo, el número de días de ingreso en el momento de la recogida de datos, el diagnóstico médico motivo de ingreso y las EDE presentes en el momento de la recopilación de datos. Dicha recogida de datos se realizó un día aleatorio al mes durante 11 meses. Se emplearon las pruebas de U de Mann-Whitney, T de Student y Chi cuadrado para analizar diferencias.Resultados: se identificaron las EDE tras la valoración de 136 pacientes: un 58,1% era hombre, la edad media fue 57,9 (DE: 18,1) años. Las EDE más habituales fueron: Riesgo de infección (66,2%) y Déficit de autocuidado: baño (40,4%). Se observaron diferencias según sexo en la Disposición para mejorar el autocuidado (p= 0,028) y la Incontinencia urinaria (p= 0,032), entre otros. Se observaron diferencias con la edad en el Déficit de autocuidado: baño y en el Deterioro de la movilidad física entre otros (p< 0,05). Al inicio del ingreso se dio más Riesgo de confusión aguda (p= 0,003) y, en los más prolongados, Riesgo de úlcera por presión (p= 0,003). Los diagnósticos médicos más frecuentes fueron: celulitis (10,3%) y neumonía (8,8%).Conclusiones: las EDE tienen una baja asociación con el sexo y la duración del ingreso, pero tienen una gran asociación con la edad.(AU)

Objective: to identify the main Nursing diagnostic labels (NDLs) and the main medical diagnoses that lead to admission at an Infectious Diseases Unit, and to determine the association of said NDLs with gender, age, and days of hospitalization at the time of data collection.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study; the data collected were: age, gender, number of hospitalization days at the time of data collection, the medical diagnosis leading to the admission, and the NDLs present at the time of data collection. Said data collection was conducted on a random day per month for 11 months. The Mann-Whitney U, Student’s T and Square Chi tests were used to analyze the differences.Results: NDLs were identified after assessing 136 patients: 58.1% were male, and their mean age was 57.9 (SD: 18.1) years. The most common NDLs were: Risk of infection (66.2%) and Self-Care Deficit: bathing (40.4%). Differences by gender were observed in: Willingness to improve self-care (p= 0.028) and Urinary Incontinence (p= 0.032), among others. Differences with age were observed in Self-Care Deficit: bathing, and in Deterioration in Physical Mobility, among others (p< 0.05). At the start of the hospitalization there was a higher Risk of Acute Confusion (p= 0.003), and in the longer hospital stays, Risk of Pressure Ulcers (p= 0.003). The most frequent medical diagnoses were: cellulitis (10.3%) and pneumonia (8.8%).Conclusions: NDLs have a low association with gender and hospital stay duration, but a high association with age.(AU)

Minimum Effects of Sampling Time on the Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Blood Protein Catabolites in Light Lambs.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of sampling time on organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and phosphorous (P) apparent digestibility and plasma urea and creatinine concentration in growing and finishing male Ripollesa lambs fed different CP concentrations in the diet. Twenty-four male Ripollesa lambs with 14.5 kg body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to two groups differing in CP content in the growing (14 to 19 kg of BW) and finishing (19 to 25 kg of BW) phases (20% vs. 18% CP and 19% vs. 17% CP, respectively). Faeces collected from the rectum and blood samples collected from the jugular vein were taken at 8:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m. During the growing period, the OM, CP and P apparent digestibility were higher in the lower CP diet (p < 0.05), but only P was affected by the sampling time, being highest at 8:00 a.m. (p < 0.05) compared to other sampling hours. During the finishing period, there were no differences in these digestibility coefficients between diets or sampling times (p > 0.05). Sampling time did not affect (p > 0.05) plasma urea concentrations either in the growing or finishing period. Plasma creatinine concentrations did not differ (p > 0.05) between lambs receiving 18% or 20% CP diets, but during the finishing period, it was lower at 4:00 p.m. in lambs fed 17% CP (p < 0.05) than those offered 19% CP. Overall, the results suggest that the collection schedule to evaluate the protein nutritional status can be shortened through one spot sample of faeces or blood in the morning.

Circulating Non-Esterified Fatty Acids as Biomarkers for Fat Content and Composition in Pigs.

Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) can reflect the composition of dietary fat or adipose tissues depending on the fasting conditions. Therefore, circulating NEFA may be valuable as biomarkers for meat quality traits, such as intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition in finishing pigs. Genetic variants that regulate lipid metabolism can also modulate the circulating NEFA. We conducted an experiment with 150 heavy Duroc pigs to evaluate fluctuations in the circulating NEFA composition due to age, fasting duration and two genetic polymorphisms, one in the leptin receptor (LEPR; rs709596309) and one in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD; rs80912566) gene. Circulating NEFA were more saturated and less monounsaturated than the subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues. Absolute circulating NEFA content was more influenced by fasting duration than age. The SCD polymorphism did not impact NEFA content or composition. The LEPR polymorphism affected the content but not the fatty acid composition. Circulating oleic acid NEFA content after a short fasting was positively correlated with intramuscular fat content and, after a long fasting, with intramuscular oleic acid content. We conclude that circulating NEFA reflect environmental and genetic metabolic changes but are of limited value as biomarkers for intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition.

Effect of Dietary Crude Protein on Productive Efficiency, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Gastrointestinal Immune Markers in Light Lambs.

This study hypothesized that reducing the level of crude protein (CP) in lambs' feed may improve nutrient utilization and did not negatively affect their productive efficiency, blood metabolites, oxidative status (OS) or intestinal immune barrier function. A total of 120 weaned male Ripollesa lambs (45-60 days old and 15.0 ± 1.5 kg of body weight) were used. Four feed concentrates were formulated for two different phases (growing and finishing): CP20/19 group (20% and 19% of CP on dry matter basis, for each phase, respectively) and CP18/17 group (18% and 17% of CP on dry matter basis, for each phase, respectively). Lambs were randomly assigned to feeding treatments by balancing initial body weight between groups. The reduction of dietary CP level did not impair their growth performance parameters, while it did improve the apparent digestibility of organic matter. Furthermore, the lambs of the CP18/17 group showed lower plasma urea levels with no effect on OS (malondialdehyde levels) or gastrointestinal immunity markers (gene expression of interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGFB)).

Does Ad Libitum Feeding during the Peri-Partum Improve the Sow Feed Intake and Performances?

This study hypothesized that the ad libitum feeding of sows during the peri-partum may increase the neonatal survival of the piglets and the post-partum recovery of the sow. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two peri-partum feeding strategies (ad libitum and stepped from day 110 of gestation to day 5 post-partum) on the feed intake, the reproductive performance of sows, as well as the survival of their piglets. A total of 90 Landrace x Large-White dams sired by Duroc were used. The sows were randomly assigned to feeding treatments by balancing body condition and parity between groups. The feed intake of the sows in the peri-partum was lower in the stepped than in the ad libitum strategy. The increase of the feeding level in the ad libitum sows was not counterbalanced by higher number of weaned piglets or shorter weaned to oestrus interval.

The extent to which genetics and lean grade affect fatty acid profiles and volatile compounds in organic pork.

Niche production is intended to produce premium pork, but several husbandry factors may affect the meat fatty acid composition and aroma. Fatty acid profile (by GC-FID) of raw meat and volatile compounds (by SPME-GC-MS) of cooked meat were analysed in loin samples from two pig genetic types-75% Duroc (Du) and 50% Pietrain (Pi) rossbreds that were slaughtered at different weights (90 kg and 105 kg, respectively) to achieve similar target carcass fatness, and the outcome carcasses were balanced for lean grade groups (<60% or ≥60% lean) within genotypes. Genetic type did not affect fatty acids (FA) profile of meat. The leaner meat had lower C12:0 and C20:3n - 3, lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher MUFA/SFA ratio content than the fattier meat. Short-chain alcohols were lower in Pietrain and in leaner pork compared to the samples from Duroc crossbreds and fattier pork. A greater amount of hexane,2,4,4-trimethyl (an aliphatic hydrocarbon) but lower carbon disulphide (sulphur compound) content was detected in pork from leaner compared to fattier pork. Higher aromatics hydrocarbons were exclusively associated with Duroc crossbreds, and lower aliphatic hydrocarbons with pigs classified as fattier. Most of the volatile compounds detected in the present study came from lipid oxidation.

Slaughter weight rather than sex affects carcass cuts and tissue composition of Bisaro pigs.

Carcass cuts and tissue composition were assessed in Bisaro pigs (n = 64) from two sexes (31 gilts and 33 entire males) reared until three target slaughter body-weights (BW) means: 17 kg, 32 kg, and 79 kg. Dressing percentage and backfat thickness increased whereas carcass shrinkage decreased with increasing BW. Slaughter weight affected most of the carcass cut proportions, except shoulder and thoracic regions. Bone proportion decreased linearly with increasing slaughter BW, while intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots increased concomitantly. Slaughter weight increased the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportion but this impaired intramuscular and intermuscular adipose tissues in the loin primal. The sex of the pigs minimally affected the carcass composition, as only the belly weight and the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportions were greater in gilts than in entire males. Light pigs regardless of sex are recommended to balance the trade-offs between carcass cuts and their non-edible compositional outcomes.

Estabilizador Endodóntico en Fractura Complicada de Raíz en visita única / Endodontic Stabilizer in Complicated Root Fracture in a single visit

Introducción: La fractura complicada de raíz del tercio medio es una entidad compleja de pronóstico mayormente desfavorable y curso sintomático, donde el éxito clínico en no pocas oportunidades se convierte en una utopía, dado que la estabilidad en el afrontamiento de los bordes libres de los fragmentos fracturados es difícil de lograr. En este sentido el estabilizador edodóntico busca garantizar un anclaje bilateral satisfactorio, que posibilite unificar en una consulta los tiempos operatorios necesarios para un tratamiento exitoso. Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad del uso de un estabilizador endodóntico en el manejo de una fractura complicada de raíz del tercio medio en una visita. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 60 años, femenina que acude a consulta tras sufrir traumatismo dentoalveolar consistente con fractura complicada de raíz del tercio medio en 21; a los rayos X se observa ligero ensanchamiento periodontal y bordes discontinuos. Se realiza tratamiento edodóntico radical mediante la aplicación de un estabilizador intraconducto en la reducción de la fractura. Conclusiones: El uso de un estabilizador endodóntico en el manejo de una fractura complicada de raíz del tercio medio realizado en una sola visita es una alternativa factible de realizar en el tratamiento mediato e inmediato, ya que supone una rápida recuperación de las funciones buco-dentales del paciente(AU)

Introduction:The complicated fracture of the medium third of the root is a complex entity, particularly with an unfavorable prognosis and a symptomatic course in which the clinical success becomes a utopia in not just a few opportunities because the stability by confrontation of the free edges of the fractured fragments is difficult to achieve. In this respect, the endodontic stabilizer is used to guarantee a satisfactory bilateral anchorage that gives the possibility to unify, in a single visit, the necessary operation times for a successful treatment. Objective: To describe the feasibility of the use of an endodontic stabilizer in the management of a complicated fracture of the medium third of the root in a single visit. Case presentation: Female 60-year-old patient who comes to the consulting room after suffering from a consistent dentoalveolar trauma with a complicated fracture of the medium third of the root in tooth no.21; radiograph reveals a slight periodontal widening, and discontinuous edges. Radical endodontic treatment is performed with the placement of an intraductal stabilizer in the reduction of the fracture. Conclusions: The use of an endodontic stabilizer in the management of a complicated fracture of the medium third of the root in a single visit to the dentist is a feasible alternative in the mediate and immediate treatment seeing that it supposes a fast recovery of the bucco-dental functions of the patient(AU)

Aplicación del MTA en un caso de restauración endodóntica avanzada por vía directa. Presentación de caso / Direct placement of MTA in a case of advanced endodontic restoration. Case presentation

IIntroducción Las lesiones endoperiodontales son aquellas de carácter inflamatorio que comprometen simultáneamente la pulpa dental y las estructuras del periodonto de inserción, donde se obtiene un pronóstico favorable solo cuando el diente está en un ambiente cerrado y protegido, y se alcanza la cronicidad del componente periodontal de la afección. Para lo cual el uso de los biomateriales y el esquema operatorio tienen un carácter crucial. Objetivo: Describir un caso de restauración endodóntica avanzada por vía directa, con el uso de MTA. Presentación del caso:Paciente de 45 años, masculino, quien acude a consulta presentando una lesión endoperiodontal combinada con toma del fulcron en (46). El mismo requirió una radiculectomía, reconstrucción de corona y raíz por vía directa, y estabilización a través del uso del Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA). Conclusiones:La aplicación del MTA en la restauración endodóntica avanzada combinada con el composite nano híbrido por vía directa es una alternativa factible de realizar en una sola visita, y garantiza una rápida recuperación de las funciones buco-dentales del paciente(AU)

Introduction: Endoperiodontal lesions are those lesions that have an inflammatory character that simultaneously compromise the dental pulp and periodontal structures of insertion, where favorable prognosis is obtained only when the tooth is in a closed and protected environment, and the chronicity of the periodontal component is achieved. Consequently, the use of biomaterials and the operative scheme have a crucial character. Objective: To describe a case of advanced endodontic restoration by direct placement of MTA. Case presentation: 45 years old patient who comes to the consultation presenting a combined endoperiodontal lesion, reaching the fulcron in (46). The patient required a radiculectomy, a direct reconstruction of the crown and the root, and stability through the use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate(MTA). Conclusions: The direct placement of MTA in an advanced endodontic restoration, combined with the nano-hybrid material is an alternative that is viable to do in a single visit and guarantees a fast recovery of the buccal-dental functions of the patient(AU)

Effect of castration at 10 months of age on growth physiology and behavior of male feral beef cattle.

This study compared the growth performance, plasma testosterone and cortisol levels around castration at 10 months of age, and plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentration and flight speed, in intact bulls and steers from 10 to 21 months of age in a feral Spanish breed. Fourteen bulls (366.5 ± 48.5 kg live weight) were assigned at random to one of two treatments: surgically castrated (steers) or intact (bulls), and submitted to an identical fattening period. Steers reared until heavy live weights (21 months of age) grew slowly and had lower plasma IGF-I concentrations than intact bulls. These differences were mainly highlighted the month after surgery (11 months of age) and the last part of the fattening period (from 19 to 21 months of age). After surgical castration (11 and 12 months of age), steers showed a tendency to display greater flight speed values than intact bulls but baseline plasma cortisol concentration did not differ between groups at this time. At the end, steers and bulls reached nearly similar temperament, as flight speed did not differ between them. The results confirm the role of IGF-I as a key anabolic hormone in male beef cattle and thus it may reflect growth differences due to altered sex steroids production.