Kinetics of Acid Orange 7 oxidation by using carbon fiber and reticulated vitreous carbon in an electro-Fenton process.

In this study, a micro-scale parallel plate reactor was built to electrochemically generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to develop the Fenton reaction in situ, for the treatment of toxic organic pollutants. Two types of carbon materials were compared and used as cathodes: unidirectional carbon fiber (CF) and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC). As anode, a stainless steel mesh was used. The results of H2O2 were experimentally compared by means of electrogeneration process. RVC cathode with dimensions of 2.5 × 1 × 5 cm (170 mA and variable voltage V = 2.0-2.7) and 180 min produced 5.3 mM H2O2, with an H2O2 production efficiency of 54%. Unidirectional carbon fiber cathode produced 7.5 mM of H2O2 (96% of H2O2 production efficiency) when a voltage of 1.8 V was applied during 180 min to a total area of 480 cm2 of this material. Acid Orange 7 (AO7) was degraded to a concentration of 0.16 mM during the first 40 min of the process, which represented 95% of the initial concentration. Electrolysis process removed nearly 100% of the AO7 using both cathodes at the end of these experiments (180 min).

Photoelectrocatalytic inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria in urban wastewater using nanoparticulated films of TiO2 and TiO2/Ag.

Photocatalysis has shown the ability to inactivate a wide range of harmful microorganisms with traditional use of chlorination. Photocatalysis combined with applied bias potential (photoelectrocatalysis) increases the efficiency of photocatalysis and decreases the charge recombination. This work examines the inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria present in real urban wastewater by photoelectrocatalysis using nanoparticulated films of TiO2 and TiO2/Ag (4%w/w) under UV light irradiation. The catalysts were prepared with different thicknesses by the sol-gel method and calcined at 400°C and 600°C. The urban wastewater samples were collected from the sedimentation tank effluent of the university sewage treatment facility. The rate of bacteria inactivation increases with increasing the applied potential and film thicknesses; also, the presence of silver on the catalyst surface annealed at 400°C shows better inactivation than that at 600°C. Finally, a structural cell damage of Escherichia coli (DH5α), inoculated in water, is observed during the photoelectrocatalytic process.

Treatment of industrial effluents by electrochemical generation of H2O2 using an RVC cathode in a parallel plate reactor.

Electrochemical techniques have been used for the discolouration of synthetic textile industrial wastewater by Fenton's process using a parallel plate reactor with a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) cathode. It has been shown that RVC is capable of electro-generating and activating H2O2 in the presence of Fe(2+) added as catalyst and using a stainless steel mesh as anode material. A catholyte comprising 0.05 M Na2SO4, 0.001 M FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01 M H2SO4 and fed with oxygen was used to activate H2O2.The anolyte contained only 0.8 M H2SO4. The operating experimental conditions were 170 mA (2.0 V < ΔECell < 3.0 V) to generate 5.3 mM H2O2. Synthetic effluents containing various concentrations (millimolar - mM) of three different dyes, Blue Basic 9 (BB9), Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Acid Orange 7 (AO7), were evaluated for discolouration using the electro-assisted Fenton reaction. Water discolouration was measured by UV-VIS absorbance reduction. Dye removal by electrolysis was a function of time: 90% discolouration of 0.08, 0.04 and 0.02 mM BB9 was obtained at 14, 10 and 6 min, respectively. In the same way, 90% discolouration of 0.063, 0.031 and 0.016 mM RB5 was achieved at 90, 60 and 30 min, respectively. Finally, 90% discolouration of 0.14, 0.07 and 0.035 mM AO7 was achieved at 70, 40 and 20 min, respectively. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of electro-assisted Fenton reaction as a strong oxidizing process in water discolouration and the ability of RVC cathode to electro-generate and activate H2O2 in situ.

Generación de eeectricidad a partir de una celda de combustible microbiana tipo pem / Electricity enerration from a pem microbial fuel cell / Geraçãode eletriicidade a partir de uma célula de combustível microbiana tipo pem

Se empleó una celda de combustible microbiana (CCM) a escala de laboratorio para la generación de electricidad. La celda consistió de dos cámaras separadas por una membrana de intercambio protónico (PEM). Se utilizaron electrodos de papel carbón y un catolito acuoso burbujeado con aire para proveer O2 disuelto al electrodo. La generación de potencia en la CCM, se debió a la presencia de bacterias como biocatalizadores en la cámara del ánodo. Las bacterias fueron obtenidas de un inóculo mixto anaerobio de tipo entérico, empleando agua residual sintética (ARS) como sustrato. Se determinó la influencia de la temperatura y el pH sobre el rendimiento de la CCM, encontrando que la mayor densidad de potencia fue generada a temperatura mesofílica de 35 ±5°C y pH entre 5 y 6. Empleando resistencias de 600 y 1000W se obtuvieron densidades de 640 y 336mW·m-2, respectivamente. La eficiencia coulómbica obtenida fue de 59,8%. Este tipo de sistemas resultan atractivos para la generación de electricidad y a la vez para la degradación de la fracción orgánica.

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) at laboratory scale was used for the generation of electricity. The cell consisted of two compartments separated by a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Carbon paper electrodes and an aqueous catholyte supplied with air to provide dissolved O2 to the electrode were used. The power generation in the MFC, was due to the presence of bacteria as biocatalysts in the anode chamber. The bacteria were obtained from a mixed anaerobic type enteric inoculum, using synthetic wastewater as substrate. The influence of temperature and pH on the performance of the MFC was determined. The highest current densities, of 640 and 336mW·m-2, were obtained at the mesophilic temperature 35 ±5°C and pH between 5 and 6, using resistances of 600 and 1000W, respectively. The coulombic efficiency obtained was 59.8%. Such systems are attractive for electricity generation, at the same time that they disintegrate the organic fraction of waste water.

Empregou-se uma célula de combustível microbiana (CCM) a escala de laboratório para a geração de eletricidade. A célula consistiu de duas câmaras separadas por uma membrana de intercâmbio protônico (PEM). Utilizaram-se elétrodos de papel carbono e um católito aquoso borbulhando com ar para prover ao elétrodo O2 dissolvido. A geração de potência na CCM foi devida à presença de bactérias como biocatalizadores na câmara do ânodo. As bactérias foram obtidas de um inóculo misto anaeróbio de tipo entérico, empregando água residual sintética (ARS) como substrato. Determinou-se a influência da temperatura e o pH sobre o rendimento da CCM, encontrando que a maior densidade de potência foi gerada com a temperatura mesofílica de 35 ±5°C e pH entre 5 e 6. Empregando resistências de 600 e 1000W se obtiveram densidades de 640 e 336mW·m-2, respectivamente. A eficiência coulómbica obtida foi de 59,8%. Este tipo de sistemas resulta atrativo para a geração de eletricidade e por sua vez para a degradação da fração orgânica.