A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico.

HIV infection results in marked alterations in the gut microbiota (GM), such as the loss of microbial diversity and different taxonomic and metabolic profiles. Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially ablating gastrointestinal alterations, the taxonomic profile after successful new ART has shown wide variations. Our objective was to determine the GM composition and functions in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) under ART in comparison to seronegative controls (SC). Fecal samples from 21 subjects (treated with integrase strand-transfer inhibitors, INSTIs) and 18 SC were included. We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, coupled with PICRUSt2 and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification by gas chromatography. The INSTI group showed a decreased α-diversity (p < 0.001) compared to the SC group, at the expense of increased amounts of Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Segatella copri, Lactobacillus, and Gram-negative bacteria. Concurrently, we observed an enrichment in Megasphaera and Butyricicoccus, both SCFA-producing bacteria, and significant elevations in fecal butyrate in this group (p < 0.001). Interestingly, gut dysbiosis in PLWHIV was characterized by a proinflammatory environment orchestrated by Pseudomonadota and elevated levels of butyrate associated with bacterial metabolic pathways, as well as the evident presence of butyrogenic bacteria. The role of this unique GM in PLWHIV should be evaluated, as well as the use of butyrate-based supplements and ART regimens that contain succinate, such as tenofovir disoproxil succinate. This mixed profile is described for the first time in PLWHIV from Mexico.

Pilot study on the efficacy and safety of berberine in people with metabolic syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV. However, this increase is not free of comorbidities, and metabolic syndrome is one of the most prevalent. Berberine is an alkaloid nutraceutical that has been shown to ameliorate metabolic disorders such as prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it has not been tested in HIV infection. Therefore, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of berberine in improving metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults living with HIV under virological suppression and metabolic syndrome received either berberine 500 mg TID or placebo for 20 weeks. The primary outcomes were a composite of weight reduction, insulin resistance decrease, and lipid profile improvement. A total of 43 participants were randomized (22 in the berberine group and 21 in the placebo group); 36 participants completed the follow-up and were analyzed. The berberine group showed a reduction in weight and body mass index, lower insulin resistance, and a reduction in TNF-alpha. The control group had higher total cholesterol, c-LDL, and IL-6 concentration. CONCLUSION: In people living with HIV under virological suppression, berberine was safe and improves clinical and biochemical components of metabolic syndrome. However, further studies with more participants and longer intervention periods need to be explored.

Gut Bacterial Communities in HIV-Infected Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: Effects of the Therapy with Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor-Based and Protease Inhibitor-Based Regimens.

Antiretroviral therapies (ART) are strongly associated with weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS) development in HIV-infected patients. Few studies have evaluated the association between gut microbiota and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based and protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens in HIV-infected patients with MetS. To assess this, fecal samples were obtained from HIV-infected patients treated with different regimens (16 PI + MetS or 30 INSTI + MetS) and 18 healthy controls (HCs). The microbial composition was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The INSTI-based and PI-based regimens were associated with a significant decrease in α-diversity compared to HCs. The INSTI + MetS group showed the lowest α-diversity between both regimens. A significant increase in the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing genera (Roseburia, Dorea, Ruminococcus torques, and Coprococcus) was observed in the PI + MetS group, while Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Succinivibrio were significantly increased in the INSTI + MetS group. Moreover, the Proteobacteria/Firmicutes ratio was overrepresented, and functional pathways related to the biosynthesis of LPS components were increased in the INSTI + MetS group. The gut microbiota of patients receiving INSTIs showed a more pronounced dysbiosis orchestrated by decreased bacterial richness and diversity, with an almost complete absence of SCFA-producing bacteria and alterations in gut microbiota functional pathways. These findings have not been previously observed.

Effect of antiretroviral therapy on decreasing arterial stiffness, metabolic profile, vascular and systemic inflammatory cytokines in treatment-naïve HIV: A one-year prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among people living with HIV (PLH). Non-treated PLH show increased levels of inflammation and biomarkers of vascular activation, and arterial stiffness as a prognostic cardiovascular disease risk factor. We investigated the effect of one year of ART on treatment-naïve HIV(+) individuals on arterial stiffness and inflammatory and vascular cytokines. METHODS: We cross-sectionally compared aortic stiffness via tonometry, inflammatory, and vascular serum cytokines on treatment-naïve (n = 20) and HIV (-) (n = 9) matched by age, sex, metabolic profile, and Framingham score. We subsequently followed young, treatment-naïve individuals after 1-year of ART and compared aortic stiffness, metabolic profile, and inflammatory and vascular serum biomarkers to baseline. Inflammatory biomarkers included: hs-CRP, D-Dimer, SAA, sCD163s, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-18, MRP8/14. Vascular cytokines included: myoglobin, NGAL, MPO, Cystatin C, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP9. RESULTS: Treatment-naïve individuals were 34.8 years old, mostly males (95%), and with high smoking prevalence (70%). Baseline T CD4+ was 512±324 cells/mcL. cfPWV was similar between HIV(-) and treatment-naïve (6.8 vs 7.3 m/s; p = 0.16) but significantly decreased after ART (-0.52 m/s; 95% CI -0.87 to -0.16; p0.006). Almost all the determined cytokines were significantly higher compared to controls, except for MCP-1, myoglobin, NGAL, cystatin C, and MMP-9. At follow-up, only total cholesterol and triglycerides increased and all inflammatory cytokines significantly decreased. Regarding vascular cytokines, MPO, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 showed a reduction. D-Dimer tended to decrease (p = 0.06) and hs-CRP did not show a significant reduction (p = 0.17). CONCLUSION: One year of ART had a positive effect on reducing inflammatory and vascular cytokines and arterial stiffness.

Ghrelin level as a biomarker for knee osteoarthritis severity and appearance in HIV + patients.

BACKGROUND: Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a multifactorial disease with several mechanisms to promote articular cartilage damage. New molecules, such as ghrelin, have been recently reported to participate in the pathogenesis and progression of KOA. In HIV + patients, arthralgias are the most frequent musculoskeletal manifestations, mainly affecting joints such as the knee. Also, it has been reported that HIV + patients have a reduction of ghrelin even with treatment compared to HIV- patients. However, there is no report in the literature evaluating ghrelin and KOA in the HIV + population. We aimed to evaluate whether serum ghrelin levels can function as a biomarker for OA in HIV + patients. METHODS: We recruited 40 patients, 20 HIV+, and 20 HIV- controls, and grouped as follows: HIV+/KOA+; HIV+/KOA-; HIV-/KOA+; HIV-/KOA-. Clinical features were obtained during clinical visits. Peripheral blood samples were acquired to measure serum ghrelin levels. RESULTS: The HIV+/KOA + group significantly reduced serum ghrelin levels when compared with the other groups. Comparing the ghrelin levels with the patients' nadir of CD4+ T-cells count, we identified a statistically significant negative correlation in the KOA- group (r = -0.80, P < 0.007). An ROC curve analysis, for the accuracy of ghrelin levels to identified HIV+/KOA + from HIV+/KOA- patients, found an area under the curve of 0.83 (95 % CI 0.65-0.10; P = 0.017), with a cut-off < 4026 pg/mL serum ghrelin levels, with a sensitivity of 0.62 (95 % CI 0.32-0.86), and a specificity of 0.10 (95 % CI 0.59-0.10). CONCLUSION: This study shows the potential use of ghrelin levels as a biomarker for KOA in the high-risk HIV population that should be further analyzed.

In vitro Azole antifungals susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the in vitro Azole antifungals susceptibility of Candida spp. strains isolated from HIV-positive patients with periodontitis. METHODS: Oral examination was performed in 500 HIV-positive patients, of which 228 were included in the study for having periodontitis which and separated in two groups based on their TCD4+ T-cells: (A) n = 110 (≤200 CD4+); (B) n = 118 (>200 CD4+). Candida spp. were isolated from the subgingival biofilm and crevicular fluid by seeding on CHROMagar plates and confirmed by endpoint PCR and MALDI-TOF. The susceptibility test in vitro for five antifungals was performed using the disc diffusion method. RESULTS: From the 228 HIV-positive patients with periodontitis, 174 were positive to Candida spp., and 204 isolations were obtained. 138 (67.64%) were C. albicans, and 66 (32.35%) were Candida non-albicans species. The most frequent Candida non-albicans species in order of frequency were C. glabrata with 48 (23.52%), C. tropicalis with 10 (4.9%), C. krusei with 7 (3.43%), and C. dubliniensis with 1 (0.49%). All species presented resistance to any antifungal: 149 to 5-fluorocytosine (73.0%), 149 to fluconazole (73.0%), and 144 to voriconazole (70.7%). Miconazole and econazole presented the highest susceptibility rates with 129 (63.2%) and 130 (63.7%) isolations, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Candida spp. involved in periodontitis of HIV-positive patients have a multi-resistant feature. It is necessary to implement recurrent research regarding the antifungal resistance of the Candida spp. that take part in periodontitis pathogenesis to promote an effective treatment in HIV patients.

Gut microbiota from Mexican patients with metabolic syndrome and HIV infection: An inflammatory profile.

AIM: A remarkable increase in metabolic syndrome (MetS) has occurred in HIV-infected subjects. Gut dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Therefore, the aim is to explore the profile of the gut microbiota in Mexican population with HIV infection and MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS: In all, 30 HIV-infected patients with MetS were compared to a group of 30 patients without MetS, treated with integrase inhibitors and undetectable viral load were included in the study. Stool samples were analysed by 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein >3 mg L-1 and higher scores in cardiometabolic indices were associated with MetS. The group with MetS was characterized by a decrease in α-diversity, higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Prevotella, as well as a dramatic decrease in bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids. Prevotella negatively correlated with Akkermansia, Lactobacillus and Anaerostipes. Interestingly, the group without MetS presented higher abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Anaerofilum, Oscillospira and Anaerostipes. Functional pathways related to energy metabolism and inflammation were increased in the group with MetS. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with MetS present a strong inflammatory microbiota profile; therefore, future strategies to balance intestinal dysbiosis should be implemented.

Clinical features associated with neurosyphilis in people living with HIV and late latent syphilis.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is a challenge, and the criteria for deciding when to perform a lumbar puncture are still controversial, especially in people living with HIV with a late latent syphilis diagnosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of people with HIV and documented late latent syphilis or syphilis of unknown duration with a cerebrospinal fluid VDRL test. RESULTS: 122 patients were evaluated, of whom 52 had the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Patients with and without neurosyphilis presented a similar viral load and lymphocyte CD4+ T-cell count. Neurological symptoms (OR 6.4, 95% CI 2.1-22.4; p < 0.01), serum VDRL titers of 1:32 (p<0.01), 1:64 (p = 0.055), and ≥1:128 (p < 0.001) were associated with neurosyphilis. Furthermore, serum VDRL ≥1:32 were associated with (OR 24.9, 95% CI 5.45-154.9; p < 0.001) or without (OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.0-29.2; p = 0.004) neurological symptoms with neurosyphilis; however, VDRL ≤1:16 with neurological symptoms can be associated with neurosyphilis (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.03-64.3; p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Neurological symptoms, particularly headache, were predictors of neurosyphilis in people with HIV irrespective of their viral load and lymphocyte CD4+ T-cell count in late latent syphilis. A serum VDRL ≥1:32 increased the risk of neurosyphilis in patients with or without any symptoms.

Involvement of the fecal amino acid profile in a clinical and anthropometric study of Mexican patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The amino acids synthesized by the intestinal microbiota have been correlated with metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance; both are high incidence conditions in Mexico. However, the knowledge of the relationship of fecal amino acids with the development of both diseases in the Mexican population is scarce. The clinical study was descriptive; the study was carried out in the Antiguo Civil Hospital of Guadalajara. Samples were taken from a total of 48 participants with insulin resistance, diabetes, and a control group (n = 16 each). Anthropometric and biochemical measures were evaluated. HPLC carried out the quantification of fecal amino acids. A strong correlation between alanine and HOMA-IR (r = 0.5416) was found and between phenylalanine and HOMA-IR (r = 0.4258). Other interesting correlations were between alanine and glucose (r = 0.5854) and isoleucine and glucose (r = 0.5008). The diabetic group and the insulin-resistant group had increased fecal values of valine and isoleucine (branched-chain amino acids), which were positively correlated with the progression of both conditions. Likewise, alanine and phenylalanine can help predict the development of the disease in the Mexican population. Registry number: 037/19.

Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in an HIV positive Mexican cohort.

BACKGROUND: HIV subjects have several kidney pathologies, like HIV-associated nephropathy or antiretroviral therapy injury, among others. The global prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is 8-16%; however, in HIV subjects, the prevalence varies between geographic regions (2-38%). The aim was to determine the prevalence of CKD and identify the associated risk factors. METHODS: A longitudinal descriptive study was carried out at the 'Hospital Civil de Guadalajara' Feb'18 - Jan'19. Basal clinical, demographic, opportunistic infections (OI), and laboratory data were obtained at months 0 and 3; inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years old, naïve HIV + , urine albumin/creatinine ratio, serum creatinine & urine test, and signed informed consent. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical analyses were made. RESULTS: One hundred twenty subjects were included; 92.5% were male, 33 ± 9.5 years, 60% consumed tobacco, 73% alcohol, and 59% some type of drug. The CKD prevalence was 15.8%. CKD patients had a higher risk of hepatitis C virus coinfection, Relative Risk (RR):5.9; HCV infection, RR:4.3; ≥ 30 years old, RR:3.9; C clinical-stage, RR:3.5; CD4+ T cells count < 200 cells/µL, RR: 2.4; and HIV-1 viral load ≥ 100,000 cop/mL, RR: 2.7. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a higher CKD prevalence in patients with HIV; higher CKD development with coinfections as Hepatitis C Virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The identification and prompt management of CKD and coinfections should be considered to avoid the progression and to delay renal replacement therapy as long as possible.

ZBTB gene expression in HIV patients: a possible new molecular mechanism of viral control.

HIV infects its target cell and integrates into its genome as an essential step in its replication cycle. Proviral DNA is also subjected to the same transcriptional regulation as the host cell genome by its own transcriptional factors, with activating or repressive activity. There is a clear interaction between the presence of transcriptional repressors and a decrease in the rate of HIV replication, promoting gene silencing in infected cells, which serve as viral reservoirs. This represents a major obstacle for HIV eradication. The ZBTB gene family comprises 49 genes that encode transcription factors that have a repressor function in differentiation and development of cells of the lymphopoietic lineage, including the main target cells of HIV, CD4+ T cells. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the expression profile of ZBTB genes in CD4+ T cells of HIV-positive individuals with different levels of infection control. We found upregulation of gene expression of ZBTB4 (p < 0.01), ZBTB7B (p < 0.001), and ZBTB38 (p < 0.05) and downregulation of ZBTB16 (p < 0.01) in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative individuals. Interestingly, in a deeper analysis, we observed that elite controllers had the highest levels of expression of the ZBTB38, ZBTB2, HIC1, ZBTB7A, ZBTB7B (ThPOK) and ZBTB4 genes, showing 2.56- to 7.60-fold upregulation compare to the ART-naïve group. These results suggest a possible contribution of these ZBTB transcriptional repressors in HIV-positive patients and a possible new molecular mechanism of viral control.

Aortic stiffness and central hemodynamics in treatment-naïve HIV infection: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). HIV infection causes a chronic inflammatory state and increases oxidative stress which can cause endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Aortic stiffness measured by carotid femoral-pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and central hemodynamics are independent cardiovascular risk factors and have the prognostic ability for CVD. We assessed cfPWV and central hemodynamics in young individuals with recent HIV infection diagnosis and without antiretroviral therapy. We hypothesized that individuals living with HIV would present greater cfPWV and central hemodynamics (central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure) compared to uninfected controls. METHODS: We recruited 51 treatment-naïve individuals living with HIV (HIV(+)) without previous CVD and 51 age- and sex-matched controls (HIV negative (-)). We evaluated traditional CVD risk factors including metabolic profile, blood pressure (BP), smoking, HIV viral load, and CD4+ T-cells count. Arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics were evaluated by cfPWV, central systolic BP, and central pulse pressure (cPP) via applanation tonometry. RESULTS: HIV(+) individuals presented a greater prevalence of smoking, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index. 65.9% of HIV(+) individuals exhibited lymphocyte CD4+ T-cells count < 500 cells/µL. There was no difference in brachial or central BP between groups; however, HIV(+) individuals showed significantly lower cPP. We observed a greater cfPWV (mean difference = 0.5 m/s; p < 0.01) in HIV(+) compared to controls, even after adjusting for heart rate, mean arterial pressure and smoking. CONCLUSION: In the early stages of infection, non-treated HIV individuals present a greater prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors, arterial stiffness, and normal or in some cases central hemodynamics.

Correction to: Alterations in bacterial communities, SCFA and biomarkers in an elderly HIV-positive and HIV-negative population in western Mexico.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Association of intestinal and systemic inflammatory biomarkers with immune reconstitution in HIV+ patients on ART.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection is characterized by CD4+ T-cells depletion related to gut damage, microbial translocation, immune activation and intestinal and systemic low-grade inflammation. With the use of antiretroviral treatment, these alterations in HIV+ patients reach similar levels to HIV- controls. However, almost 20% patients have deficient immune reconstitution of CD4+ T-cells, which make them more susceptible to develop non-AIDS and AIDS comorbidities. METHODS: HIV+ patients on ART, with sustained virologic control were grouped according to their immune reconstitution as: immunological responders (n = 18) and immunological non-responders (n = 18); also, HIV- controls were enrolled (n = 14). CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation (HLA-DR+ and CD38+ single and co-expression) were measured by flow cytometry. Serum levels of sCD14, sCD163, lipopolysaccharide, I-FABP, sST2, as well as fecal levels of calprotectin, lactoferrin and secretory IgA were evaluated by ELISA. Levels of C-reactive protein were determined by a high sensibility singleplex bead-based immunoassay. Serum and fecal concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines were quantified by multiplex bead-based immunoassay. RESULTS: HLA-DR+ and CD38+ co-expression, as well as median fluorescence intensity in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells subpopulations was greater in immunological non-responders group, after normalization and fold change calculation. Similarly, this group presented higher levels of sCD14, C-reactive protein, as well as fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin. Furthermore, both HIV+ groups showed elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in stool. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that despite the virologic control, HIV+ patients under treatment with deficient immune reconstitution showed elevation of both innate and T-cells immune activation, as well as intestinal and systemic inflammation. However, some patients with CD4+ T-cells count above 350 cells/µL also presented these alterations. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the dynamics of multiple systemic and intestinal biomarkers in diverse types of HIV+ patients, as such as their clinical impact.

Cytomegalovirus and disseminated histoplasmosis-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome in an HIV-patient late presenter with IRIS: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome (HLS) is an immune-mediated life-threatening disease considered as a medical emergency, with a potentially fatal multisystem inflammatory outcome. We present a patient that developed HLS and was able to be diagnosed efficiently with the help of an academic research institute of immunology. CASE PRESENTATION: A 21 years old male Mexican with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), late presenter; who developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and a disseminated histoplasmosis-related HLS, as part of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The patient required a long course of corticotherapy, intravenous immunoglobulin and massive transfusions (more than 10 units in 24 h, and a total of 83 units), besides amphotericin-B and ganciclovir treatment. An academic research institute of immunology aided in the accurate diagnosis of HLS with the implementation of tests not available within the hospital, thus improving the care provided to the patient. The patient recovered, was discharged, and continue to improve. CONCLUSION: The objective of this report is to highlight the importance of having multidisciplinary support, including basic medical sciences groups providing specific tests that are sometimes very difficult to get, which provides a benefit to patients in the well-aimed diagnosis as part of applied translational medicine.

WNT7A Expression is Downregulated in T Lymphocytes after T-Cell Receptor Activation Due to Histone Modifications and in T-ALL by DNA Methylation.

WNT signaling pathway regulates several processes involved in the homeostasis of normal cells. Its dysregulation is associated with pathological outcomes like cancer. We previously demonstrated that downregulation of WNT7A correlates with higher proliferation rates in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the regulation of this gene in pathological and normal conditions remains unexplored. In this work, we aimed to analyze the transcriptional regulation of WNT7A in leukemic cells and in normal T lymphocytes after a proliferative stimulus. WNT7A expression was measured in blood cells and in T lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) treatment or T-cell receptor (TCR) activation by qPCR and Western blot. Promoter methylation was assessed using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and histone modifications were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and qPCR. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), WNT7A expression is silenced through DNA methylation of CpG island in the promoter region. In normal peripheral blood cells, WNT7A is mainly expressed by monocytes and T lymphocytes. TCR activation induces the downregulation of WNT7A in normal T lymphocytes by changes in histone methylation marks (H3K4me2/3) and histone deacetylases. A proliferative stimulus mediated by IL-2 keeps WNT7A expression at low levels but in the absence of IL-2, the expression of this gene tends to be restored. Furthermore, after TCR activation and WNT7A downregulation, target genes associated with the WNT canonical pathway were upregulated indicating an independent activity of WNT7A from the WNT canonical pathway. WNT7A expression is silenced by long-term DNA methylation in T-ALL-derived cells and downregulated by histone modifications after TCR activation in normal T lymphocytes.

Exogenous Expression of WNT7A in Leukemia-Derived Cell Lines Induces Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Agents.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulations of the WNT pathway are implicated in the malignant transformation of different types of neoplasia. WNT7A is expressed in normal peripheral lymphocytes, but is decreased in the tumoral counterpart. Furthermore, the treatment of leukemic cells with recombinant WNT7A decreases proliferation, suggesting its possible use as a therapeutic biomolecule. This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant action of WNT7A and different chemotherapeutic agents over proliferation and cell death of leukemia/ lymphoma derived cell lines. METHODS: Ectopic expression of WNT7A was induced in CEM and BJAB cell lines by using a lentiviral system. RNA expression was analyzed by microarrays and qPCR, and protein expression was determined by Western Blot. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting, metabolic activity by WST-1 assay, cell death and DNA content by flow cytometry. RESULTS: WNT7A ectopic expression was shown to decrease cell proliferation, but the apoptosis rate of leukemic cells was not altered. Moreover, these cells acquired resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine and MG-132. Cell cycle analysis reveals a decrease in G1 and an increase in S and G2 phases with a further upregulation of senescence- associated genes. Microarray analysis reveals that most gene expression changes were related to cancer and metabolic associated pathways. All those changes appear to be independent of the WNT canonical pathway regulation. CONCLUSION: WNT7A negatively regulates cell proliferation in leukemic cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by inducing a senescence-like phenotype independently of the WNT canonical pathway.

Candida spp. Determination and Th1/Th2 Mixed Cytokine Profile in Oral Samples From HIV+ Patients With Chronic Periodontitis.

Background: Chronic periodontitis (CP), caused by bacteria and fungi, appears in up to 66% of HIV-patients. The impact and association of HIV-treatment (HAART) and Candida itself has not been properly evaluated in the development and progression of CP. The immunopathogenesis is characterized by CD4+ T-cells activation and the balance between the T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) or a mixed cytokine profile. Currently, the associated causes of an immune response in HIV-patients with CP is controversial. Our aims were the determination of Candida spp. and cytokine profile in oral samples from HIV-positive patients with CP, considering the CD4+ T cells levels and HAART use. Methods: From 500 HIV-positive patients evaluated, 228 patients were enrolled. Patients were separated in groups: (A) n = 53 (≤200 CD4+ T-cells on HAART); (B) n = 57 (≤200 CD4+ T-cells without HAART); (C) n = 50 (>200 CD4+ T-cells without HAART); (D) n = 68 (>200 CD4+ T-cells on HAART). Candida spp. were isolated from the oral biofilm and crevicular fluid in CHROMagar and confirmed by endpoint PCR. Cytokine levels were measured by beads-based immunoassay in saliva by flow cytometry. Results: 147 patients (64.5%) were positive to Candida spp. and 204 strains were isolated; 138 (67.6%) were C. albicans and the remaining C. non-albicans species (C. glabrata>C. tropicalis>C. krusei>C. dubliniensis). In this study, CHROMagar showed good sensitivity (95%) but poor specificity (68%); since of the 152 samples identified as C. albicans, only 131 were confirmed by PCR; from the 10 samples identified as C. glabrata, only six were confirmed. Finally, of the 42 samples detected as C. tropicalis, only five were confirmed. When evaluating Candida spp. presence, group A and D had higher isolation, while group B had the highest species diversity. Whereas, group C had a significant reduction of Candida spp. Despite the presence of Candida and HAART, we found a Th1/Th2 hybrid profile in the saliva of patients with low CD4+ T-cell count (group A). Conclusion: Abundance and diversity of the Candida spp. detected in HIV-patients with CP could be related to HAART and low CD4+ T-cells levels. Also, the immunosuppression might promote a local Th1/Th2 hybrid cytokine profile.

Alterations in bacterial communities, SCFA and biomarkers in an elderly HIV-positive and HIV-negative population in western Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The study of stool microbiota has taken great relevance in the last years, given its role in the maintenance of the intestinal metabolic, physiological, and immunological homeostasis, as well as, its effect over HIV biomarkers levels such as CD4/CD8 ratio, high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), related to poor outcomes (rapid progression to AIDS). Several efforts have been made to characterize the gut microbiome. In HIV infection, most of the studies report the presence of a dysbiotic pattern; however, few of them have made an approach in elderly HIV-positive subjects despite the fact that nowadays this subgroup is rising. In this study, we compared the composition of faecal microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), and systemic biomarkers between elderly HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 18 HIV-negative controls and 20 HIV-positive patients. The quantification of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Clostridium leptum, Clostridium coccoides was performed in faecal samples by qPCR. The analysis was performed by calculating the ΔCq of each microorganism using 16S rDNA as a reference gene. Faecal SCFAs were measured by HPLC. The hs-CRP and sCD14 were performed by ELISA. RESULTS: An increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, coupled with a significant increase in the proteobacteria phylum was detected in HIV-positive subjects. In contrast, a decrease in the Clostridium leptum group was observed. Nevertheless, these elderly HIV-positive patients showed higher levels of total SCFAs mainly by an augmented propionic acid values, compared to HIV-negative subjects. Whereas high levels of hs-CRP were positively correlated with sCD14 in the HIV-positive group. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in bacterial communities reveals a dysbiotic state related to an unbalance of faecal SCFAs. Therefore, these intestinal conditions might drive an increase of poor prognostic biomarkers in elderly HIV-positive subjects.

WNT receptors profile expression in mature blood cells and immature leukemic cells: RYK emerges as a hallmark receptor of acute leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Wnt signaling induces a plethora of intracellular responses that dictate normal or abnormal cellular behavior. Abnormal WNT signaling has been related to the development of leukemogenic processes. In this regard, it is important to know the expression profile of WNT receptors in normal and malignant cells, in order to understand the WNT mechanisms that control the cell behavior. This work aimed to determine the WNT receptors expression profile in normal and leukemia cells. METHODS: Expression of WNT receptors was determined by flow cytometry using leukemia-derived cell lines, peripheral blood cells, and blood marrow samples from healthy volunteers and acute leukemia patients. RESULTS: Despite the heterogenic WNT receptors expression in mature normal blood cells and in immature tumorigenic cells, the RYK receptor was found highly express in leukemia cells, but not in normal cells. RYK expression was found mainly in cells positive to immature markers like CD33, CD13, CD7, and CD117. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show differences in FZD receptors expression between T and B leukemic cells, but both cell types and also myeloblast-derived cells express high levels of RYK. The association of RYK expression with immature markers indicates its possible use as a diagnostic marker or therapeutic target.