The effect of hydrogen-rich water consumption on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of psychiatric or somatic symptoms negatively affecting the daily life. PMS treatment can involve the use of complementary-alternative approaches. Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may treat PMS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drinking HRW on the severity of premenstrual symptoms and the quality of life of women who suffer from PMS. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized into two groups (intervention group=33, control group=32) using the block randomization method. Participants were requested to consume 1500-2000 mL of HRW daily in the intervention group and drink water in the placebo group. Participants began drinking either HRW or placebo water from day 16 of their menstrual cycle until day 2 of the following cycle for three menstrual cycles. The research data were collected using a Demographic Information Form, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and Short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL- BREF). RESULTS: The intervention group had significantly lower mean scores than the control group in both the first and second follow-ups on the PMSS (P<0.05). In the first follow-up, the intervention group had significantly higher mean scores in the Physical Health and Psychological domains of the WHOQOL-BREF compared to the control group (P<0.05). Group × time interaction was significant for PMSS (F = 10.54, P<0.001). Group × time interaction was insignificant for WHOQOL- BREF (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of HRW reduces the severity of premenstrual symptoms and improves individuals' quality of life in physical and psychological domains.

The effect of virtual reality and music on anxiety, non-stress test parameters, and satisfaction of high-risk pregnant women undergoing non-stress tests: Randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal tests cause high-risk pregnant women to experience high anxiety levels. AIM: This paper investigated the effect of Virtual Reality (VR) and music on anxiety, non-stress test parameters, and satisfaction of high-risk pregnant women undergoing non-stress tests (NSTs). METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of 102 participants randomized into three groups (VR = 34, music = 34, and control = 34). Maternal anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-S (STAI-S) before and after NSTs. Satisfaction was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after NSTs. NST parameters were evaluated after NSTs. The findings were reported based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). RESULTS: The VR and music groups had significantly lower mean posttest STAI-S scores than the control group (p <.05). There was no significant difference in NST findings (reactive/nonreactive) between the groups (p >.05). The VR group had a significantly shorter reactive NST duration than the control group (p <.05). The VR and music groups had significantly higher mean VAS-satisfaction scores than the control group (p <.05) CONCLUSION: Virtual reality and music during NSTs help high-risk pregnant women experience less anxiety and satisfy them more with the procedure. We recommend that obstetric midwives and nurses use these low-cost, simple, and noninvasive methods to reduce anxiety in high-risk pregnant women during prenatal testing.

Toxic, Genotoxic and Teratogenic Effects of Ibuprofen and its Derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively used pharmaceuticals and tons of kilos are produced annually. Ibuprofen is one of the core medicines of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is primarily used for reduced pain, fever and tissue inflammation. It is also available for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, etc. It is still one of the most prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in contemporary times. Although ibuprofen is a drug that has been used for years, it is also known to have various serious toxic effects. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we aimed to clarify toxic and genotoxic effects of Ibuprofen by analyzing major journal indexes. METHODS: The search was concentrated on the Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, EBSCO Host, and Google Scholar databases, including the keyword combinations "genotoxicity", "toxicity", "teratogenicity", "side effects", "Ibuprofen". RESULTS: In the search procedure, a total number of 11738 studies about the topic were reviewed. Consequently, 42 studies were classified as appropriate according to the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the review. The results presented and discussed in this review indicate that Ibuprofen might represent a toxic, genotoxic and teratogenic risk for non-target, freshwater invertebrates, vertebrates and toxic for human especially in overdose or misuse situation. CONCLUSION: Ibuprofen generally was found to be toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and genotoxic agent in various organisms. In human cases mostly overdose or misuse was found to be toxic. However acute toxicity was also reported in some human clinical studies. More detailed genotoxicity, teratogenicity and especially carcinogenic potential should be investigated to reach full decision of its safety.