Evaluation of systemic immune-inflammation index efficacy in predicting complicated appendicitis in pediatric emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most important causes of acute abdominal pain in children who are admitted to the pediatric emergency department. This study aims to determine the usefulness of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in predicting complicated appendicitis (CA) in pediatric patients. METHODS: The patients who underwent surgery with the diagnosis of AA were evaluated retrospectively. AA and control groups were formed. AA was divided into noncomplicated and CA groups. C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet (PLT)/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and SII values were recorded. The SII was calculated with the formula of PLT count × neutrophil/lymphocyte. The efficacy of biomarkers in predicting CA was compared. RESULTS: Our study included 1072 AA and 541 control patients. There were 74.3% of patients in the non-CA (NCA) group and 25.7% in the CA group. CRP, WBC count, ANC, NLR, PLR when AA and control group, complicated and NCA groups are compared in terms of laboratory parameters and SII level AA and it was higher in the CA group. While the SII value was 2164.91±1831.24 in the patients with NCA and 3132.59±2658.73 in those with CA (P<0.001). When the cut-off values were determined according to the area under the curve, CRP and SII were found to be the best biomarkers in predicting CA. CONCLUSION: Inflammation markers together with clinical evaluation may be useful in distinguishing noncomplicated and complicated AA. However, these parameters alone are not sufficient to predict CA. CRP and SII are the best predictors of CA in pediatric patients.

The relationship between serum cytokine profile and vitamin D in calves with neonatal diarrhea.

It is important to know the characteristics of the immunological response in newborn calf diarrhea, which is often caused by bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. Cytokinesare proteins that serve as chemical messengers to regulate theinnate and adaptive arms of theimmune response. Changes in circulatory cytokine levels provide valuable information for understanding the pathophysiological process and monitoring disease progression and inflammation. Vitamin D has important immunomodulatory effects, which include enhancing the innate immune system and inhibiting adaptative immune responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum cytokine profile and vitamin D level in neonatal calves with diarrhea. The study population was comprised of 40 neonatal calves, 32 of which had diarrhea and 8 of which were healthy calves. The calves with diarrhea were allocated to four groups according to bacterial (Escherichia coli), viral (Rotavirus, Coronavirus) and protozoal (Cryptosporidium parvum) etiologies. Circulatory vitamin D metabolites (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-17) in the calves were determined. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were higher in Coronavirus and E. coli groups compared to the controls. Serum levels of all cytokines except for IL-13, were higher in E. coli group than those of the control group. As a result, differences in serum cytokines and vitamin D levels according to etiological factors in calf diarrhea indicate that vitamin D may play a role in the immune response in the disease.

The effect of two different root canal sealers on treatment outcome and post-obturation pain in single-visit root canal treatment: A prospective randomized clinical trial.

AIM: This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based bioceramic- and resin-based sealers on the incidence and intensity of post-obturation pain and treatment outcome in asymptomatic vital molar teeth in single-visit root canal treatment. METHODOLOGY: One hundred asymptomatic mandibular molar teeth with vital pulp were randomly assigned into two groups according to the sealer used: MTA Fillapex or AH Plus sealer. WaveOne Gold instruments were used for root canal preparations. Root canals were obturated with WaveOne Gold gutta-percha cones corresponding in size and taper to the last instrument used. MTA Fillapex was used in the first group and AH Plus was used in the second group as the root canal sealer. The effects of age, gender, tooth types and the level of root canal filling on the treatment outcome were evaluated after 1 and 2 years. Postoperative pain at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 30 days after root canal treatment was measured with the Numerical Rating Scale. Chi-square test was used for the treatment outcome and Mann-Whitney U, chi-Square and Spearman correlation analyses were used for postoperative pain. α = .05 was the level of significance. RESULTS: Twelve patients did not complete the 2-year follow-up and the study finished with 88 patients. In the MTA Fillapex group 41 correct, one short, two extruded, and in the AH Plus group 40 correct, one short and three extruded root canal fillings were detected. No significant differences were observed between the first- and second-year treatment outcomes between the groups (p > .05).There was no association between age, gender, tooth number, root canal filling length and the treatment success in all evaluated teeth (p > .05). The differences between the groups in terms of postoperative pain incidence and intensity at all time-points were not significant (p > .05). There was no correlation between the age and postoperative pain (p > .05), but pain was statistically higher in women (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Mineral trioxide aggregate Fillapex showed similar success rate and post-obturation pain incidence and intensity as AH Plus sealer and can be used as a root canal sealer in asymptomatic mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.

USAGE OF CHLORHEXIDINE AS A FINAL IRRIGANT IN ONE-VISIT ROOT CANAL TREATMENT IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL TWO-VISIT ROOT CANAL TREATMENT IN MANDIBULAR MOLARS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL.

OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of 1-visit root canal treatment (RCT), especially for teeth with large periapical lesions, are still being debated. Although, the use of chlorhexidine (CHX) as a final irrigant have been recommended to provide an optimized approach in 1-visit RCT, there is limited knowledge about the outcome of 1-visit RCT using CHX as the final irrigant. AIM: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the healing of mandibular molar teeth with large periapical lesions after RCT that was completed in 1 visit using 2% CHX as a final irrigant, comparing the results with a conventional 2-visit RCT as a control group. METHODOLOGY: This study is a prospective, parallel-designed, and single-blinded randomized clinical trial. One-hundred asymptomatic mandibular molar teeth with large periapical lesions were randomly assigned to 2 groups. All teeth were instrumented with Reciproc files with 2.5% sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) and 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as irrigants. In the intervention group, half of the teeth were treated in 1 visit, receiving an additional final rinse with 2% CHX before obturation; the other half of the teeth, however, were treated in 2 visits with calcium hydroxide (CH) dressings, in the control group. All root canals were obturated with Reciproc gutta-percha cones and AH Plus root canal sealer. All patients were recalled and investigated clinically and radiographically for 48 months. Periapical healing was evaluated statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test, followed by the Friedman and the Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: During the 48-month follow-up process, 86 teeth (44 in 1-visit and 42 in 2-visit group) were examined. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the radiographic healing rates (1-visit group 91% and 2-visit group 88%) (P > .05). CONCLUSION: In this study, 1-visit RCT using 2% CHX as final irrigant in asymptomatic mandibular molars with large periapical lesions produced favorable healing results, similar to 2-visit root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide.

Quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate students using nickel-titanium reciprocating versus hand instruments.

PURPOSE: To compare the technical quality of root canal treatment (RCT) depending on the incidence of procedural errors performed by undergraduate students using nickel-titanium reciprocating and conventional hand instrumentation techniques, and to assess the impact of case difficulty and localization of the teeth (maxillary or mandibular molars). METHODS: Dental records and periapical radiographs of molars that were treated with either hand or reciprocating WaveOne (WO) instruments were evaluated retrospectively. The technical quality of RCTs, the incidence of ledge formation, perforation, instrument fracture, overinstrumentation, underfilling, overfilling, inadequate root canal filling, and the effects of case difficulty and tooth localization were compared using the chi-square test with a significance of 5% (α = 0.05). RESULTS: While overinstrumentation was more frequent in the WO group (247 teeth), the incidence of inadequate root canal fillings was higher in the hand instrumentation group (245 teeth) (p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of other procedural errors (p > 0.05). The number of teeth with acceptable technical quality in preparation and obturation was 172 (69.6%) in the WO group, whereas it was 142 (58%) in the hand instrumentation group, presenting a significant difference between the instrumentation techniques (p < 0.01). Higher technical quality rates were observed with WO instrumentation in the high difficulty category and in maxillary teeth (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher technical quality in preparation and obturation can be achieved with WO reciprocating instruments and file-matched greater tapered gutta-percha cones. No significant difference was observed between the groups in the incidence of procedural errors except for overinstrumentation and insufficient root canal filling. WO instrumentation and obturation with file-matched greater tapered gutta-percha cones provided better technical quality in the high difficulty category and in maxillary teeth.

Outcome of single- versus two-visit root canal retreatment in teeth with periapical lesions: A randomized clinical trial.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of single-visit root canal retreatment and compare the results with conventional two-visit root canal retreatment as control group. METHODOLOGY: One hundred root canal-treated, single-rooted asymptomatic teeth with periapical lesion were retreated by one operator. Fifty of the teeth were randomly assigned to the single-visit group and the others were treated in two visits. In both groups, root canal filling material was removed, and re-instrumentation of the root canal was performed using step-back technique with hand files using 2.5% NaOCl and 5% EDTA as irrigants. In the single-visit group, 5 ml 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) were applied as the final irrigation and in the two-visit group, calcium hydroxide paste was placed into the root canal as an interappointment dressing. All root canal obturations were performed with lateral compaction. All patients were followed up for 24 months. The success was determined depending on both healed and healing cases. The chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to analyse the differences between the groups for success rates and the factors affecting the outcome. RESULTS: The recall rate was 89 (89%). At 24 months, 39 teeth (88.6%) were considered as healed, three teeth (6.8%) as healing, and two teeth (4.5%) were identified as failed in the single-visit group, while in the two-visit group 39 teeth (86.7%) had healed, two teeth (4.4%) were scored as healing, and four teeth (8.9%) as failed. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rates between the two groups (p > .05). Size of the lesion and the preoperative length of root canal filling had a statistically significant impact on the outcome (p < .05). CONCLUSION: No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of healing in 24-month follow-up of retreatments completed in single visit or two visits in asymptomatic teeth with periapical lesions. The size of the periapical lesion and initial apical level of root canal filling have affected the outcome of root canal retreatment.

Acoustics for architects: A potpourri of undergraduate and graduate level teaching styles, tools and in-course projects.

Acoustics is one of the basic environmental comfort factors both in indoor and outdoor spaces. Students of architecture need to confront this theoretical field at some phase of their education. The main focus of this study is to provide a discussion platform of tools and teaching styles in architectural acoustics education of future architects, by depicting approaches that can motivate students and provide them a long-lasting understanding of the phenomena. Accordingly, a long-term experience in acoustics classes with undergraduate and graduate level students, mainly from departments of architecture of two prominent Turkish universities, is exemplified. Course contents of architectural acoustics programs are described, different models and methods of teaching are discussed, and last, selected projects, specifically those having an academic output, are presented. The study also aims to highlight some techniques and approaches that can be employed in acoustics education with limited technological tools, simply by active inclusion of the design background and creative thinking of the architecture students in this applied research area.

YouTube™ as an information source for regenerative endodontic treatment procedures: Quality and content analysis.

BACKGROUND: Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are one of the most important developments in dental practice, and in the era of Covid 19 pandemic, audio-visual contents of YouTube™ could be an information source for dental students, practitioners and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, content and the demographics of YouTube™ videos about REPs. METHODS: A search on YouTube™ was performed for REPs using "endodontic regeneration", "pulp regeneration", "regenerative endodontics", "regenerative endodontic procedures", "revascularization" and "revitalization" keywords. Totally 531 videos were found and 60 videos met the inclusion criteria. Following the assessment of the demographic features of the videos and the viewing rate of the videos were calculated. The content of the videos was evaluated based on the selected headings. The quality of the videos was assessed using the video information, quality index (VIQI), Global Quality Score (GQS) and DISCERN. The statistical analysis was performed using Spearman Correlation and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Majority of the videos about REPs were created by dental professionals (91.7%). The most commonly covered topic was "clinical application" (76.7%). Total content score showed a positive correlation with total VIQI (r = 0.795; p < 0.001) and GQS (r = 0.952; p < 0.001). There were significant relationships between total content score, duration, GQS, total VIQI score and DISCERN. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that YouTube™ videos about REPs provide predominantly clinical information about patient chairside practice of REPs and they could be considered as a supplementary information source for dental students and practitioners.

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Analysis and Radiopacity of Five Different Root Canal Sealers.

Root canal sealers should have optimum adhesion to the root dentin, low cytotoxicity, sufficient radiopacity and high dimensional stability, which depend mainly on their chemical composition. The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition of Syntex (Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland), Adseal (Meta Biomed, Cheongju-si, Korea), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Scafati, Italy), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and GuttaFlow Bioseal (Coltene/Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and to determine their radiopacity comparatively. Stainless steel molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 2 mm were constructed. Tested root-canal sealers were mixed and poured into the molds. Following setting, digital periapical radiographs of the specimens (n=12) were taken under standard exposure conditions and the mean gray-values of specimens were measured using a computer graphics program. Then the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was performed. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak multi-comparison test (p = 0.05). Sealapex showed higher calcium peak than MTA Fillapex, GuttaFlow Bioseal, Adseal and Syntex sealers. MTA Fillapex contained a highest amount of tungstate. Sealapex presented the highest radiopacity value among the tested materials (p < 0.05), whereas MTA Fillapex was the least radiopaque material (p < 0.05). Each root canal sealer contains different compositions of radiopacifiers including bismuth oxide, calcium tungstate and zirconium oxide. The tested root canal sealers had radiopacity values above the ISO-specified limit. Sealapex was the most radiopaque root canal sealer followed by GuttaFlow Bioseal, Syntex, Adseal and MTA Fillapex.

Effect of therapeutic touch on sleep quality and anxiety in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to determine the effect of therapeutic touch (TT) on the sleep quality and anxiety of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) disease. METHODS: 103 patients were randomized in to the two groups: the experimental group, and the control group. In this randomized control study, the patients with COPD in the experimental group were given TT for 10 min between 18:00 and 20:00, one session every day for three consecutive days. RESULTS: When the experimental group was compared to control group following the intervention, the decrease in the levels of anxiety (p < 0.001) and increase in the sleep quality (p < 0.001) were found to be significant. CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, it was determined that TT reduced anxiety level and improved sleep quality in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04842903.

A prospective cohort study evaluating the outcome of root canal retreatment in symptomatic mandibular first molars with periapical lesions.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of various predictors on the outcome of root canal retreatment in symptomatic mandibular first molars with periapical lesions after a minimum of 2 years. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and twenty previously root canal treated symptomatic mandibular first molars with periapical lesions which were diagnosed as symptomatic apical periodontitis or acute apical abscess with localized intraoral swelling were included. Root canal retreatment was performed by an experienced endodontist using a standardized treatment protocol. The teeth were followed up clinically and radiographically and the radiographic outcome was assessed using a modified periapical index scale (PAI). The cumulative success proportion and the influence of predictors on the outcome of the root canal retreatment were analysed using Kaplan-Meier analyses and log-rank tests, and the hazard ratios for the predictors were also investigated using Univariate Cox Proportional Hazard regression analysis at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Of the 120 teeth, 103 teeth were re-examined with an 85% recall rate. The cumulative success rate was 88% in which 64% were healed and 24% were healing, and failure rate was recorded as 12%. None of the preoperative predictors, including age, gender, soft tissue tenderness, intraoral swelling, size of the lesion, PAI score, apical level and density of root canal filling before root canal retreatment, nor intraoperative predictors, such as active exudate drainage, density of root canal filling after root canal retreatment and restoration type had an influence on the outcome of root canal retreatment (p > .05). The only factor that significantly reduced the success rate of root canal retreatment was the apical level of the root canal filling; when it was more than 2 mm short of the radiographic apex in teeth where apical patency was not established, the success was significantly lower (p = .023). CONCLUSIONS: Root canal retreatment in symptomatic mandibular first molars with periapical lesions resulted in a success rate of 88%. None of the predictors had a significant influence on the outcome, except for the apical level of the root canal filling after root canal retreatment with short root fillings being associated with significantly more post-treatment endodontic disease.

Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Analysis and Radiopacity of Five Different Root Canal Sealers

Abstract Root canal sealers should have optimum adhesion to the root dentin, low cytotoxicity, sufficient radiopacity and high dimensional stability, which depend mainly on their chemical composition. The aims of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition of Syntex (Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland), Adseal (Meta Biomed, Cheongju-si, Korea), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Scafati, Italy), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and GuttaFlow Bioseal (Coltene/Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and to determine their radiopacity comparatively. Stainless steel molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 2 mm were constructed. Tested root-canal sealers were mixed and poured into the molds. Following setting, digital periapical radiographs of the specimens (n=12) were taken under standard exposure conditions and the mean gray-values of specimens were measured using a computer graphics program. Then the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was performed. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak multi-comparison test (p = 0.05). Sealapex showed higher calcium peak than MTA Fillapex, GuttaFlow Bioseal, Adseal and Syntex sealers. MTA Fillapex contained a highest amount of tungstate. Sealapex presented the highest radiopacity value among the tested materials (p < 0.05), whereas MTA Fillapex was the least radiopaque material (p < 0.05). Each root canal sealer contains different compositions of radiopacifiers including bismuth oxide, calcium tungstate and zirconium oxide. The tested root canal sealers had radiopacity values above the ISO-specified limit. Sealapex was the most radiopaque root canal sealer followed by GuttaFlow Bioseal, Syntex, Adseal and MTA Fillapex.

Resumo Os cimentos endodônticos devem conter ótima adesão à dentina radicular, baixa citotoxicidade, radiopacidade suficiente e estabilidade dimensional elevada, que dependem principalmente da sua composição química. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a composição química de Syntex (Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Polônia), Adseal (Meta Biomed, Cheongju-si, Coreia), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Scafati, Itália), MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brasil) e GuttaFlow Bioseal (Coltene/Whaledent, Altstätten, Suíça) e determinar comparativamente a sua radiopacidade. Foram construídos moldes de aço inoxidável com um diâmetro interior de 5 mm e uma profundidade de 2 mm. Os cimentos testados foram misturados e vertidos em moldes. Após a fixação, foram feitas radiografias periapicais digitais dos espécimes (n=12) em condições de exposição padrão e os valores médios de cinza dos espécimes foram medidos utilizando um programa de computação gráfica. Em seguida, as amostras foram examinadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e foi realizada uma análise de raios X dispersiva de energia. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a ANOVA unidirecional seguida do teste de comparação múltipla Holm-Sidak (p = 0,05). O Sealapex mostrou um pico de cálcio mais elevado do que os cimentos MTA Fillapex, GuttaFlow Bioseal, Adseal e Syntex. O MTA Fillapex continha uma quantidade mais elevada de tungstato. O Sealapex apresentou o maior valor de radiopacidade entre os materiais testados (p < 0,05), enquanto que a MTA Fillapex foi o material menos radiopaco (p < 0,05). Cada cimento endodôntico contém diferentes composições de radiopacificadores incluindo óxido de bismuto, tungstato de cálcio e óxido de zircônio. Os cimentos testados apresentaram valores de radiopacidade acima do limite especificado pela ISO. Sealapex foi o cimento obturador mais radiopaco seguido por GuttaFlow Bioseal, Syntex, Adseal e MTA Fillapex.

The influence of different NiTi instrumentation techniques on postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multi-file rotary (Protaper Universal) and reciprocating single-file (Reciproc Blue) root canal preparation techniques on the occurrence of postoperative pain in asymptomatic mandibular molar teeth with large periapical lesions in single-visit root canal treatment (RCT). A hundred and twenty teeth were randomly assigned to two groups: Protaper Universal (PTU) or Reciproc Blue (RB) instruments. Postoperative pain at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 days after obturation was measured. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the pain scores between the groups and to assess the relation of pain with patients' age and gender. Spearman's rank correlation was utilized to correlate the pain intensity and analgesic intake at different time points. There was no significant difference between the instrumentation techniques regarding postoperative pain at any time points evaluated (P > 0.05). There was a correlation between analgesic intake and intensity of pain (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found among the groups assessed in the study in terms of analgesic intake (P > 0.05).

Combined drought and heat stresses trigger different sets of miRNAs in contrasting potato cultivars.

MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are responsible for regulation of gene expression during plant growth and development. Although there are many studies on miRNAs in other plants, little work has been done to understand the role of miRNAs in abiotic stress tolerance in potatoes. This study investigates changes in miRNA profiles of two different potato cultivars (tolerant, Unica and susceptible, Russet Burbank) in response to heat, drought and their combination. Transcriptomic studies revealed that miRNA profiles depend on the susceptibility and tolerance of the cultivar and also the stress conditions. Large number of miRNAs were expressed in Unica, whereas Russet Burbank indicated lesser number of changes in miRNA expression. Physiological and transcriptional results clearly supported that Unica cultivar is tolerant to combined drought and heat stress compared to Russet Burbank. Moreover, psRNATarget analysis predicted that major miRNAs identified were targeting genes playing important roles in response to drought and heat stress and their important roles in genetic and post-transcriptional regulation, root development, auxin responses and embryogenesis were also observed. This study focused on eight miRNAs (Novel_8, Novel_9, Novel_105, miR156d-3p, miR160a-5p, miR162a-3p, miR172b-3p and miR398a-5p) and their putative targets where results indicate that they may play a vital role at different post-transcriptional levels against drought and heat stresses. We suggest that miRNA overexpression in plants can lead to increased tolerance against abiotic stresses; furthermore, there should be more emphasis on the studies to investigate the role of miRNAs in combined abiotic stress in plants.

Association mapping reveals novel genomic regions controlling some root and stolon traits in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Tuber crops have measurable biological variation in root and stolon phenotyping and thus may be utilized to identify genomic regions associated with these variations. This is the first comprehensive association mapping study related to potato root and stolon traits. A diverse panel of 192 tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes were grown in aeroponics to reveal a biologically significant variation and detection of genomic regions associated with the root and stolon traits. Phenotyping of root traits was performed by image analysis software "WinRHIZO" (a root scanning method), and stolon traits was measured manually, while SolCAP 25K potato array was used for genotyping. Significant variation was observed between the potato genotypes for root and stolon traits along with high heritabilities (0.80 in TNS to 0.95 in SL). For marker-trait associations, Q + K linear mixed model was implemented and 50 novel genomic regions were detected. Significantly associated SNPs with stolon traits were located on chr 4, chr 6, chr 7, chr 9, chr 11 and chr 12, while those linked to root traits on chr 1, chr 2, chr 3, chr 9, chr 11, and chr 12. Structure and PCA analysis grouped genotypes into four sub-populations disclosing population genetic diversity. LD decay was observed at 2.316 Mbps (r 2 = 0.29) in the population. The identified SNPs were associated with genes performing vital functions such as root signaling and signal transduction in stress environments (GT-2 factors, protein kinases SAPK2-like and protein phosphatases "StPP1"), transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation (RNA-binding proteins), sucrose synthesis and transporter families (UGPase, Sus3, SuSy, and StSUT1) and PVY resistance (Ry sto). The findings of our study can be employed in future breeding programs for improvement in potato production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02727-6.

Impact of root canal curvature and instrument type on the amount of extruded debris during retreatment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to assess whether the amount of extruded debris differs for straight and severely curved root canals during retreatment using H-files, R-Endo, Reciproc and ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTU-R) files. Additionally, the area of residual filling material was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Severely curved (n = 104) and straight (n = 104) root canals of maxillary molar teeth were prepared with WaveOne Primary file and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Root canal filling materials were removed with one of the preparation techniques: group 1: H-file; group 2: R-Endo; group 3: Reciproc; group 4: PTU-R (n = 26). The amount of extruded material and the area of the residual filling material was measured. The data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and 1-way ANOVA at the 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Except for Reciproc group (p > 0.05), PTU-R, R-Endo, and H-file systems extruded significantly more debris in severely curved canals (p < 0.05). Each file system caused more residual filling material in severely curved canals than in straight ones (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: All instruments used in this study caused apical debris extrusion. Root canal curvature had an effect on extruded debris, except for Reciproc system. Clinicians should be aware that the difficult morphology of the severely curved root canals is a factor increasing the amount of extruded debris during the retreatment procedure.

Is tablet-based interactive distraction effective on pain and anxiety during circumcision in children? A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Distraction is a nonpharmacological method commonly used during painful procedures in children. However, there are a few studies investigating the effectiveness of active distraction on pain and anxiety in children during circumcision. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tablet-based interactive distraction on pain and anxiety in children during circumcision. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To evaluate how tablet distraction could improve children's outcomes during circumcision, a single-center, nonblinded, randomized controlled, parallel group trial research design was employed. In this study, 35 children were included in tablet distraction group, which have a control group (n » 35). The primary outcome measure was the Numeric Rating Scale for pain. Secondary outcome measure was the State- Trait Anxiety Scale for Children, and other outcome variables were physiological parameters and satisfaction levels. RESULTS: During and after the surgical procedure, pain scores (P < .001, P < .001, respectively) and pulse rates (P < .001, P < .001, respectively) were significantly lower in the tablet distraction group, whereas O2 saturation was higher than the control group (P < .001, P < .001, respectively). After the procedure, the anxiety scores were significantly lower in the tablet distraction group (P < .001), whereas the satisfaction scores were higher than control group (P < .001). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the use of tablet distraction during circumcision has a positive effect on children's pain, anxiety, satisfaction levels, and physiological parameters.

The Relationship Between Nurses' Ethical Sensitivity Levels and Their Attitudes Toward Principles About Die with Dignity.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between nurses' ethical sensitivity levels and their attitudes toward principles about die with dignity. The study was descriptive and correlational in design. The data were obtained from 226 nurses. The results of the correlation analysis conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between the nurses' ethical sensitivity level and their attitudes toward principles about die with dignity are among the autonomy, meaning and relation showed a significant, negative and low-level relationship between. As a result of the research, it was found that there was a negatively, significant and low-level relationship between autonomy, meaning and relation and attitudes toward respectable principles of death.