ABSTRACT
This study aims to secure medical data by combining them into one file format using steganographic methods. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is selected as hidden data, and magnetic resonance (MR) images are also used as the cover image. In addition to the EEG, the message is composed of the doctor׳s comments and patient information in the file header of images. Two new image steganography methods that are based on fuzzy-logic and similarity are proposed to select the non-sequential least significant bits (LSB) of image pixels. The similarity values of the gray levels in the pixels are used to hide the message. The message is secured to prevent attacks by using lossless compression and symmetric encryption algorithms. The performance of stego image quality is measured by mean square of error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity measure (SSIM), universal quality index (UQI), and correlation coefficient (R). According to the obtained result, the proposed method ensures the confidentiality of the patient information, and increases data repository and transmission capacity of both MR images and EEG signals.
Subject(s)
Computer Security , Confidentiality , Electronic Health Records/organization & administration , Fuzzy Logic , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Information Storage and Retrieval/methods , Algorithms , Humans , Logistic Models , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare both retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and orbital color Doppler ultrasonography parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) versus healthy controls. METHODS: This is an observational case-control study. Forty eyes from MS patients and twenty eyes from healthy volunteers were examined. Eyes were classified into three groups as group 1, eyes from MS patients with previous optic neuritis (n=20); group 2, eyes from MS patients without previous optic neuritis (n=20); and group 3, eyes from healthy controls (n=20). Following complete ophthalmologic examination and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement for each group, blood flow velocities of posterior ciliary arteries, central retinal artery, ophthalmic artery, and superior ophthalmic vein were measured. Pourcelot index (resistive index), an indicator of peripheral vascular resistance, was also calculated. The statistical assessment was performed with the assistance of Pearson's Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's correlation test. RESULTS: The studied eyes exposed similar values in terms of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness, implying no evidence in favor of glaucoma. All nerve fiber layer thickness values, except superior nasal quadrants, in group 1 were found to be significantly thinner than groups 2 and 3. Blood flow velocity and mean resistivity index parameters were similar in all the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In MS patients, especially with previous optic neuritis, diminished retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was observed. Contrary to several studies in the current literature, no evidence supporting potential vascular origin of ocular involvement in MS was found.
Subject(s)
Ciliary Arteries/diagnostic imaging , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Nerve Fibers/pathology , Ophthalmic Artery/diagnostic imaging , Optic Neuritis/physiopathology , Retinal Artery/diagnostic imaging , Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Blood Flow Velocity , Case-Control Studies , Female , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Intraocular Pressure/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging , Optic Neuritis/diagnostic imaging , Regional Blood Flow , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color , Young AdultABSTRACT
Enoxaparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) used to treat and prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The common complications related to the use of heparin are bleeding, allergic reaction, and osteoporosis. A less common complications are thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism that may not be generally recognized. We present a case of low molecular weight (LMW) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) causing stroke, lower extremity arterial occlusion, and skin necrosis. Monitoring the platelet count is essential for early diagnosis of HIT. All patients who undergo heparinization should have a baseline platelet count done before the regimen is started and should be monitored closely especially during the first weeks of treatment.
Subject(s)
Arterial Occlusive Diseases/etiology , Heparin/adverse effects , Lower Extremity/blood supply , Lower Extremity/pathology , Stroke/etiology , Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced , Thrombocytopenia/complications , Aged , Arterial Occlusive Diseases/surgery , Embolectomy , Female , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/adverse effects , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Necrosis , Stroke/diagnosis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objectives. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Since a correlation between gluten intake and incidence of MS had been reported, the relationship of antigliadin antibodies and MS was debated. Case Report. We report the case of a 45-year-old female MS patient who is under interferon treatment. After seven years of monitoring, during her routine gastroenterological assessment, she was diagnosed with celiac disease. Conclusion. Beside the neurological manifestations that have been demonstrated in about 10% of celiac disease (CD) patients, white-matter abnormalities in brain MRI are uncommon and controversial. But in the literature, MS seems to be associated with CD as in our patient. We suggest that MS patients with gastroenterological complaints should undergo an assessment for CD.
