Is Mediolateral Translation of Femur Caused by Total Knee Arthroplasty Being Ignored?

Purpose: This study aims to show the change in overall congruency due to mediolateral translation after total knee arthroplasty compared with normal knee anatomy. Methods: This study was performed in two parts. In part 1, the relationship between femur and tibia was defined by new parameters on the antero-posterior radiographs of 84 patients. In part 2, this relationship was evaluated on the postoperative radiographs of 136 total knee arthroplasty patients. Two parallel lines to the tibial anatomical axis were drawn tangent to the most lateral and most medial parts of the tibial plateau. After creating medial and lateral tangential lines, the distance between the most lateral point of the lateral femoral epicondyle and lateral tangential line and the most medial point of the medial femoral epicondyle and medial tangential line was measured. Another new parameter described in the study is epicondylar distance ratio. The ratios between the shortest distance between tibial anatomical axis and lateral femoral epicondyle and the distance between tibial anatomical axis and medial femoral epicondyle were defined. Results: It was found that the lateral tangent was not superposed in any measurement to the femoral lateral condyle, the closest tangent was passed, and the mean lateral space distance was 1.8 mm (SD 1.5, 95% CI 0-5.3 mm). The medial tangent was passed from the lateral to the femoral medial epicondyle, and the medial crossing distance was 8.5 mm (SD 5.7, 95% CI 5-14 mm). Epicondylar distance ratio used as the second measurement was 0.8 (0.5-0.9). After total knee arthroplasty measurements showed that the line passing through the lateral tibia crossed the lateral epicondyle of the femur and intersected at an average distance of 4.3 mm (SD 4.1, 95% CI 1-11.2 mm). Conclusions: There is a coronal plane congruence between tibia and femur in the healthy knees, which get changed after total knee arthroplasty.

The timing and importance of motor skills course in knee arthroscopy training.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the impact of the simulation training program in learning duration of arthroscopic motor skills. Furthermore, we investigated the difference between junior and experienced residents in the improvement of arthroscopic motor skills duration. METHODS: We established 2 study groups according to participants' year of experience in orthopedic residency with junior group residents with three years or less than three years experience as group 1 and experienced group with over 3 years of experience as group 2. We calculated duration change of motor skill test results for each participant before and after the course. The tools used were; auto scoring mirror tracer(ASMT), 0'Conner the tweezer dexterity test(OCTDT), etch-a-sketch with overlay(ESOT), purdue the pegboard test(PPT), two-arm coordination test(TACT) and grooved pegboard test(GPT) which were all produced by Lafayette firm. These instruments were used to practice and measure the basic motor skills. RESULTS: All post-course test durations for participants decreased significantly when compared to pre-course. We calculated percentage change of motor skill test results for each participant before and after the course. All motor skill test percentage changes were similar between two groups. In comparison of participants according to their experiences, results revealed that there was no difference in test results of experienced and junior surgeons. Both groups had provided equal improvement in terms of motor skills. CONLUSION: As our results revealed, residents will be able to act with a strong motivation to learn applications through basic arthroscopic information gained in early period of orthopedic training and will make more successful applications of real patients.

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with free vascularized fibular grafting: Results of 7.6-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine long term follow up of the patients who had femoral head osteonecrosis and had been treated with free vascularized fibular grafting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 28 hips of 21 patients who had undergone free vascularized fibular grafting for the treatment of osteonecrosis of femoral head. There were 16 male and 5 female patients. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 30.7 years (between 15 and 53 years). The mean follow-up time was 7.6 years (between 5 years and 9.2 years). RESULTS: During follow-up, one patient died because of leukemia, and one patient was lost. The remaining 26 hips of 19 patients were evaluated. According to the Ficat classification, at the time of surgery, 17 hips were in grade 2 and 9 hips were in grade 3. The post-operative Harris hip scores in grade II disease were excellent in 12 patients, good in 3 patients, and fair in 1 patient. In grade III disease, 1 patient was excellent, 5 patients were good, and 1 patient was fair. There was a significant increase in HHS scores (61 ± 9.7 vs 84 ± 17.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Free vascularized fibular grafting yields extremely good results, particularly in pre-collapse stages of disease in young patients. The operation time does not mark increased if the surgical team is "familiar" with the procedure, and the residual fibular defect of the donor site does not impair the functions of daily living. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic study.

A comparison of Chevron and Lindgren-Turan osteotomy techniques in hallux valgus surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective randomized controlled single-blind study was to compare the results of Chevron and Lindgren-Turan osteotomy techniques for treatment of moderate hallux valgus. METHODS: A total of 66 female patients (34 in Chevron group, 32 Lindgren-Turan group) were recruited in this study and followed up for an average of 26.08 months. Operative procedures were performed by 2 surgeons, and patients were evaluated by an another researcher who was blinded to the surgical technique. The groups were compared for their radiological and clinical results. RESULTS: Both techniques was clinically and radiologically effective (p<0.01). However, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups regarding American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society's clinical rating system, Painful Foot Evaluation scale of Maryland University scores, or radiologic evaluation (p>0.05). Compared to the Chevron group, the Lindgren-Turan group was found to have shorter surgical duration (p<0.05) and significantly more shortening at the first metatarsal (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In moderate hallux valgus deformity, both the Chevron and Lindgren-Turan osteotomy techniques are clinically and radiologically safe, effective, and reliable alternatives. No superiority was detected in either technique. Although shortening at the first metatarsal in the Lindgren-Turan group was radiologically significant, the results were clinically tolerable.

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with free vascularized fibular grafting: results of 7.6-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine long-term follow-up results of patients with femoral head osteonecrosis who were treated with free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG). METHODS: The results of 28 hips of 21 patients (16 male, 5 female) who underwent FVFG for treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age of patients at time of surgery was 30.7 years (range: 15-53 years). Mean follow-up duration was 7.6 years (range: 5-9.2 years). RESULTS: During follow-up, 1 patient died because of leukemia, and 1 patient was lost. The remaining 26 hips of 19 patients were evaluated. According to Ficat classification, at time of surgery, 17 hips were grade II, and 9 hips were grade III, 3 hips underwent total hip arthroplasty. Postoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) in grade II disease was excellent in 12 patients, good in 3 patients, and fair in 1 patient. In grade III disease, 1 patient was excellent, 5 patients were good, and 1 patient was fair. There was a significant increase in HHS scores from preoperatively to postoperatively (61±9.7 vs 84±17.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: FVFG yields extremely good results, particularly in pre-collapse stages of the disease in young patients. The operation time does not markedly increase if the surgical team is knowledgeable of the procedure and the residual fibular defect of the donor site does not impair functions of daily living.

Reconstruction of Traumatic Composite Tissue Defect of Medial Longitudinal Arch With Free Osteocutaneous Fibular Graft.

A 34-year-old male sustained a crush injury resulting in bone and soft tissue loss along the medial longitudinal arch of his left foot. Specifically, the injury resulted in loss of first metatarsal without injury to the medial cuneiform or proximal phalanx, fracture of the third metatarsal, and a 5-cm × 9-cm soft tissue defect overlying the dorsomedial aspect of the right foot. After debridement and daily wound care, the defect was subsequently reconstructed using a free osteocutaneous fibular graft. Approximately 6 months after reconstructive surgery, the patient returned to his job without pain, and his pedogram showed almost equal weightbearing distribution on both feet.

Rare inferior shoulder dislocation (luxatio erecta).

Although shoulder dislocations have been seen very frequently, inferior dislocation of shoulder constitutes only 0.5% of all shoulder dislocations. We share our 4 patients with luxatio erecta and present their last clinical control. 2 male and 2 female Caucasian patients were diagnosed as luxatio erecta. Patients' ages were 78, 62, 65, and 76. All patients' reduction was done by traction-abduction and contour traction maneuver in the operating room. The patients had no symptoms and no limitation of range of motion of their shoulder at their last control. Luxatio erecta is seen rarely, and these patients may have neurovascular injury. These patients should be carefully examined and treated by the orthopaedic and traumatology surgeons.

Comparison of subacromial tenoxicam and steroid injections in the treatment of impingement syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess and compare the efficacy of subacromial tenoxicam and steroid injections in treating patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients having shoulder impingement syndrome with findings of rotator cuff tendinitis or subacromial bursitis on magnetic resonance imaging were included in the study. Patients were randomized into two subacromial injection groups: patients in the first group (10 males, 10 females; mean age 45.3 years; range 32 to 67 years) were administered 20 mg tenoxicam three times by weekly intervals, and patients in the second group (8 males, 12 females; mean age 46.5 years; range 29 to 73 years) were administered 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate just for once. Visual analog scale (VAS), active range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire scores were evaluated at baseline, six weeks after treatment, and first year. RESULTS: Visual analog scale, DASH, and active ROM scores in both groups were statistically significantly improved. No statistically significant difference was detected between subacromial tenoxicam and steroid injections in terms of post-treatment VAS, DASH, and active ROM scores. Mean pre- and post-treatment VAS scores in tenoxicam group were 7.8 (range, 3-9) and 2.6 (range, 2-4), respectively. Mean pre- and post-treatment VAS scores in steroid group were 6.2 (range, 3-10) and 3.6 (range, 0-7), respectively. Mean pre- and post-treatment DASH scores in tenoxicam group were 59.4 (range, 45-80) and 14.7 (range, 8.3-25.8), respectively. Mean pre- and post-treatment DASH scores in steroid group were 56.7 (range, 33.3-85.8) and 18.1 (range, 0-69.2), respectively. Although the improvement in active ROM was higher in the steroid group, difference between two groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Both subacromial tenoxicam and steroid injections may be successfully used in the treatment of patients with impingement syndrome. Subacromial tenoxicam injection may be preferred as a first-line intervention in these patients thanks to its safe profile.

[Determination of the effect on the proximal femoral load distribution of diaphyseal cement support in femoral intertrochanteric fractures with calcar defect by finite element analysis]. / Kalkar defekti olan femur intertrokanterik kiriklarinda diafizer çimento desteginin femur üst uç yük dagilimina etkisinin sonlu element analizi ile tayini.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate biomechanically positive and negative aspects of arthroplasties in combination with diaphyseal cement support as an alternative to calcar supported prosthesis on the proximal femoral load distribution, using finite element analysis method in a virtual environment in intertrochanteric fractures with calcar femoral defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three femur models were created using the ANSYS method. These were named as a intertrochanteric fracture model without calcar defect, an intertrochanteric fracture model with thick cement mantle and calcar defect, and an intertrochanteric fracture model with thin cement mantle and calcar defect. In the finite element analysis setting, two regions were analyzed for load distributions. The first one was the whole femur, while the other one was the region starting from trochanter minor and extending distally to the 5 cm area. RESULTS: In the trochanteric fracture model without calcar defect, the stress value in the whole femur was found to be 22.9 MPa; whereas it was 29.2 MPa in the 5 cm long section starting at the trochanter minor. The stress values were 23.6-29.9 MPa in the intertrochanteric fracture model with thick cement mantle and 24.2-32.1 MPa in the intertrochanteric fracture model with thin cement mantle and calcar defect. The statistical analysis was performed using t-test and a p value of >0.005 was found in all. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed that forming a type of calcar to be used in a hemiarthroplasty surgery and shaping of this region with bone cement does not produce further stress on the cement/bone intersection in intertrochanteric fractures with defected calcar region.

Mosaicplasty for the treatment of the osteochondral lesion in the femoral head.

Osteochondral defects of the femoral head are rare and principles of treatment include anatomic reduction, rigid fixation, enhancement of blood supply, and restoration of articular congruity. In this report, we present a case where the defect of the femoral head was treated with surgical dislocation of hip anteriorly and mosaicplasty. At 3-year follow-up, the patient was symptom free with near complete incorporation of the graft radiographically. Our observations in this case suggest that mosaicplasty with an open approach is an alternative treatment in the osteochondral defects of the femoral head.

Ulnar-sided pain due to extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: We present the case of a patient with extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation who was first treated for distal radioulnar joint sprain. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old Caucasian man was seen at our policlinic one month after he had fallen on his outstretched hand. A diagnosis of extensor carpi ulnaris subluxation was made clinically but we also had the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the patient's wrist which displayed an increased signal on T2-weighted images consistent with inflammation around the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. The extensor carpi ulnaris tendon was found to be dislocating during supination and relocating during pronation. The sheath was reconstructed using extensor retinaculum due to attenuation of subsheath. CONCLUSION: There was no recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon of the patient at his last follow up 12 months after the operation.

Synovial hemangiohamartoma presenting as knee pain, swelling and a soft tissue mass: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: We present a case of a patient with juxtaarticular hemangiohamartoma with a synovial extension associated with hemorrhagic synovitis and recurrent spontaneous hemarthrosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 21-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of pain and swelling at her knee for 6 months. In the magnetic resonance imaging, T2-weighted and fat-suppressed scans revealed a mass with high signal intensity just posterior to the patellar tendon. We performed an excisional biopsy of the mass through an anterior longitudinal incision. Excised material included arterial and venous vascular structures, which were found to be spread among the fat, connective and peripheral nerve tissues microscopically. CONCLUSION: Although hemangiohamartomas are not true neoplasms, they may cause knee pain, swelling and hemarthrosis that warrant surgical resection. This lesion, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially in teenagers and young adults.

Open mosaicplasty in osteochondral lesions of the talus: a prospective study.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus present with symptoms of pain and painful motion, affecting the quality of the patient's daily life. We evaluated the 2-year short-term outcomes of patients whose large osteochondral lesions of the talus were treated with medial malleolar osteotomy and a mosaic graft harvested from the knee on the same side. A total of 32 patients who had cartilage lesions due to osteochondritis dissecans in the medial aspect of the talus underwent mosaicplasty after medial malleolar osteotomy. The patients were followed up for a mean period of 16.8 (range 12 to 24) months. The staging and treatment plan of the osteochondral lesions of the talus were made according to the Bristol classification. The follow-up protocol for the patients included direct radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scoring system was used to assess the patients during the pre- and postoperative periods. Of the 32 patients, 3 (9.4%) were female and 29 (90.6%) male, with a mean age of 27.5 (range 20 to 47) years. The mean preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 59.12 ± 7.72 but had increased to 87.94 ± 3.55 during the postoperative 2 years. The increase in American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was statistically significant (p < .05). We have concluded that open mosaicplasty is a reliable and effective method for the treatment of osteochondral lesions with subchondral cyst formation in the talus, exceeding 1.5 cm in diameter.

Suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of frozen shoulder.

AIMS: The aim of our study was to compare the effects of suprascapular nerve block in patients with frozen shoulder and diabetes mellitus unresponsive to intraarticular steroid injections. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Ten patients without improvement of sign and symptoms after intraarticular injections were made a suprascapular nerve block. METHODS: Pain levels and active range of movement of patients were recorded at initial attendance and after 1, 4, and 12 weeks. All patients' simple pain scores, total pain scores, and range of motion of their shoulders were improved significantly after suprascapular nerve block. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: In this study, the statistical analyses were performed by using the SPSS 8.0 program (SPSS Software, SPSS Inc., USA). To compare pre- and post-injection results of simple pain score, total pain score, shoulder abduction and external rotation, Wilcoxon test was used. RESULTS: Patient's simple pain scores, total pain scores also abduction, external rotation and internal rotation angles were improved significantly after suprascapular nerve block. CONCLUSION: Effective results after suprascapular nerve blockage was obtained for the treatment of refractory frozen shoulder cases.

Transverse incision for calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fractures.

A number of incision options are available to surgeons approaching the posterior aspect of the calcaneus for repair of fractures of the posterosuperior aspect of the body of the calcaneus. In this brief communication, we depict our preference for the use of a transverse posterior calcaneal incision for reduction and fixation of avulsion fractures of the calcaneus. The advantages of this particular incisional approach include adequate exposure to the underlying target structures, orientation of the scar in line with relaxed skin tension lines, which minimizes scar formation, and avoidance of dissection of the Achilles tendon.

Closed total talar extrusion after ankle sprain.

Closed total talus dislocation from tibiotalar, subtalar, and talonavicular joints is a very rare injury. A 25-year-old young man, who had severe ankle distortion while walking down a flight of stairs, was brought to the emergency room complaining of a deformity and pain in his ankle joint. Roentgenographies revealed total talar body extrusion. The patient was treated urgently with open reduction in the authors' clinic. Tibialis posterior tendon might prevent closed reduction so open reduction with retraction of the tendon may be necessary.

Midterm results of biologic fixation or mosaicplasty and drilling in osteochondritis dissecans.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) primarily affects subchondral bone. Multiple drilling, fixation implant or autogenous osteochondral grafts are reported as treatment options. We present the midterm results of cases in which an OCD lesion was treated by osteochondral autograft transfer and drilling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2002 and 2006, 14 knees with International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS-OCD) type II and III lesions were treated in our clinic using osteochondral autograft transfer and drilling by arthroscopic or open surgery. The average age of our patients was 22.14 years (range 17-29 years) and average followup was of 24.3 months (range 11-40 months). Lesion type was ICRS type II in five patients (35.7%) and ICRS type III in nine patients (64.3%). In cases with ICRS-OCD type II lesions, in situ fixation was applied following circumferential multiple drilling, while mosaicplasty was done following debridement and multiple drilling in cases with ICRS-OCD type III lesion. Mosaicplasty was performed in the lesion area by an average of 2.5 (range 1-3) cylindrical osteochondral autografts. Patients were not allowed to perform loading activities for 3 weeks in the postoperative period; movement was initiated by using CPM device in the early phase; full range of motion was achieved in third week, and full weight bearing was permitted in 6 to 8 weeks RESULTS: While 6 and 8 patients were classified preoperatively as fair and poor, respectively, according to Hughston scale, excellent and good results were obtained postoperatively in 10 and 4 patients, respectively. During the followup, no problems were detected in any of the patients in the regions where osteochondral graft was harvested. CONCLUSION: Biologic fixation or mosaicplasty and drilling as a technique to treatment of the lesion in OCD by osteochondral autograft transfer has resulted in good and excellent clinical outcomes in our patients and it is considered that providing blood flow to subchondral bone by circumferencial drilling leads to an increase in the robustness of biological internal fixation and shortens the duration of recovery.

Traumatic ipsilateral multiple open metatarsal and calcaneal fractures with first metatarsophalangeal joint dislocation: a case report.

A 17-year-old man fell from a height of 10 m onto his right forefoot and sustained ipsilateral calcaneal, comminuted cuboid, and second, third, and fourth metatarsal neck fractures and first metatarsophalangeal joint open dislocation. This report discusses this rare injury. The authors believe that initial debridement with immediate surgical fixation and reduction with appropriate antibiotic treatment saved the patient's extremity.

Four extremity fractures in a patient with renal osteodystrophy.

Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is the skeletal complication of chronic kidney disease. Secondary hyperparathyroidism and 125 dihydroxy vitamin D3 deficiency are the major causative factors in ROD. Musculoskeletal problems remain among the main limitations of the quality of life of renal failure patients. In this report, a 60-year-old male with four extremity fractures due to a minor trauma was presented. The patient had been receiving haemodialysis for seven years due to hypertensive nephropathy. Our case emphasises the importance of multispecialty approach to the investigation and treatment of patients with ROD.

Ipsilateral femoral shaft and vertical patella fracture: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: A femoral shaft fracture with an ipsilateral patella fracture has been, to our knowledge, given only cursory attention in English-speaking literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15 year old male patient had hitten by a car to his motorcycle came to emergency room and he had been operated for his femoral shaft freacture and vertical patellar fracture which was iniatally missed. CONCLUSION: To us it is vital to obtain CT scan of the patient's knee if there is an ipsilateral femoral fracture with an ipsilateral knee effusion and a punction which reveals hematoma even in the absence of a fracture line seen in AP and lateral projections.