Accuracy of the methods used to estimate glomerular filtration rate compared to 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation by 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance with GFR estimation by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, the Mayo Clinic Quadratic equation (MCQE), and the modified Cockcroft-Gault formula in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-nine consecutive subjects, who were admitted to our hospital SCI rehabilitation and no additional acute medical disorders, were enrolled in this study. A 24-hour urine sample was collected for the determination of 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance, which was assumed as the standard technique for estimation of the GFR. The accuracy of several estimation formulas includes the 4-variable MDRD equation, the 6-variable MDRD equation, the Cockcroft and Gault equation, the CKD-EPI equation, and the MCQE. RESULTS: GFRs calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation and 4-variable MDRD were significantly different from the 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance, whereas there were no significant differences in GFRs calculated by CKD-EPI (P = 1.000), Mayo Clinic Quadratic formula (P = 0.794), and 6-variable MDRD equations (P = 0.435) and 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance. Both the 6-variable MDRD equation and CKD-EPI were accurate within ±20 of the reference methods in 52.54% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Among the methods used for estimation of the GFR including the 4- and 6-variable MDRD, the CKD-EPI, the modified Cockcroft-Gault equation, and the MCQE, the 6-variable MDRD equation and the CKD-EPI demonstrated best performance to estimate the GFR. However, none of the formulas were sufficient to estimate the GFR in SCI patients accurately.

Determination of Turkish norms of psychometric tests for diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy and proposal of a high sensitive screening test battery.

BACKGROUND: Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) needs local standardization. AIMS: This study aimed at standardizing PHES for Turkish patients and compare them with German norms; to determine minimal hepatic encephalopathy (mHE) prevalence with two different methods [PHES battery and Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF)] and to assess whether sub-tests of the battery can be used for screening for mHE. METHODS: Healthy volunteers (n = 816; 400 male) and cirrhotics (n = 124; 58 male) were included. For mHE diagnosis PHES score threshold was set at ≤ - 5 points and that of CFF at < 39 Hz. For comparing German and Turkish norms, datasets were combined. Multiple backward procedure was applied to assess effects of age, sex and education on single tests of the battery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created for assessing diagnostic capabilities of subtests of the battery. RESULTS: PHES norms for Turks were developed. MHE prevalence in compensated cirrhotics was 29.8% and 27.4% with PHES and CFF tests, respectively, with low compatibility (kappa coefficient 0.389); mHE prevalence decreased to 16% when both tests were combined. Turks performed worse vs Germans in the digit symbol (DS) and serial dotting (SD) subtests but performed better in other subtests. In ROC analyzes of subtests, the combination of DS + SD tests achieved an AUROC of 0.974 versus PHES. CONCLUSIONS: Use of two methods for diagnosing mHE is important for research purposes. From a clinical perspective, sensitivity with acceptable specificity may suffice for screening instruments for mHE. Combined use of DS and SD subtests of the PHES battery appears suitable for this purpose.

Simultaneous occurrence of metabolic, hematologic, neurologic and cardiac complications after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a commonly performed procedure in the surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Since a major anatomical alteration is made, this procedure may lead to significant postoperative complications, including nutritional deficiencies related to malabsorption. As a consequence of micronutrient deficiencies, secondary metabolic, hematologic and neurologic complications might also develop. Each of these complications is well reported in the literature; however, there are limited data on the simultaneous occurrence of these complications in a single patient. In this report, we aimed to present the diagnosis and management of metabolic, hematologic, neurologic and cardiac complications, which occurred simultaneously in a 57-year-old female patient after undergoing laparoscopic RYGB procedure.

Comparative assessment of prognostic value for revised-Mayo risk model and Child-Pugh score in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the utility of the revised Mayo risk model (rMRM) and Child-Pugh scores (CPSs) for predicting the prognosis of disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (37 patients; alive and not requiring liver transplantation) and Group II (8 patients; deceased or requiring liver transplantation). rMRM suggests the possible survival percentage over a 4-year period. Thus, rMRM scores and CPSs on the first visit were calculated from the data at the time of diagnosis for patients diagnosed with PSC <4 years ago. rMRM scores and CPSs of patients with >4 years of follow-up were calculated using data from the visit 4 years prior to their last follow-up. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses showed that need for liver transplantation/mortality was correlated with either first visit CPS (r=0.481, p=0.001) or rMRM (r=0.452, p=0.002). Analysis of the area under the curve showed that both models performed similarly in terms of predicting the need for liver transplantation/mortality (rMRM: 0.780; CPS: 0.762; p=0.8). There was a significant difference in Kaplan-Meier survival rates between Group I and Group II for both risk models (rMRM: p<0.001; CPS: p<0.001) when the decisive event was death or need for liver transplantation. CONCLUSION: Both rMRM and CPSs are useful in risk assessment of patients with PSC. The ability to predict prognosis is similar for both risk models.

Topical application of ankaferd hemostat in a patient with gastroduodenal amyloidosis complicated with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Amyloidosis rarely manifests itself as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially in the absence of systemic involvement. Despite urgent endoscopic and/or pharmacological therapy, bleeding due to gastric amyloidosis usually recurs after a short period and has considerable morbidity and mortality rates, even in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. For this reason, there is a need for a therapeutic armamentarium for such cases that is effective, easily applicable and has minimal side effects. In this respect, ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) offers a well tolerated and effective alternative approach for these patients. Herein we would like to report a 77-year-old man who had massive bleeding from a gastric ulcer complicating primary gastroduodenal amyloidosis, in whom topical ABS was successfully applied.

Cholecystectomy-related aberrant bile duct injuries and their endoscopic treatment.

Both complete transection and accidental ligation of the main bile duct because of a cholecystectomy are the injuries that are not amenable to endoscopic treatment and require an additional surgery. Leaks resulting from the severance of an aberrant bile duct may be treated endoscopically, although such injuries are difficult to be identified, thus resulting in treatment delays. Presented here are the details and follow-up results of 7 cases of patients with postcholecystectomy aberrant bile duct injuries, which were treated by endoscopic treatment.

Twice a day quadruple therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori in an area with a high prevalence of background antibiotic resistance.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy given four times a day is effective in the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori. We aimed to investigate whether twice daily posology could eradicate H. pylori at a comparable rate in an area with a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 90 patients with treatment naïve H. pylori. Patients were randomized to BOMT1 group (Bismuth citrate 2 x 600 mg, omeprazole 2 x 20 mg, metronidazole 2 x 500 mg, tetracycline 2 x 500 mg; for 14 days) and BOMT2 group (Bismuth citrate 2 x 600 mg, omeprazole 2 x 20 mg, metronidazole 3 x 500 mg, tetracycline 4 x 500 mg; for 14 days). H. pylori eradication was assessed by both C14-urea breath test and stool antigen test at least 8 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics and endoscopy findings of the groups were similar. Eighty-two patients completed the study (BOMT1= 38 and BOMT2 = 44) including H. pylori eradication assessment. The eradication rates determined by PP and ITT analyses were 86.8% and 733% for BOMT1 group, 90.1% and 88.9% for BOMT2 group, respectively. BOMT1 was found to be non-inferior to BOMT2 treatment. Patients in BOMT2 group had a significantly higher rate of drug associated adverse events than BOMT1 (34.1% vs 9.3%; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Twice a day quadruple therapy is as effective as four times a day quadruple therapy in the first line treatment of H. pylori in a country with high resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin and is more tolerable.

Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.

Although systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are distinct diseases, in clinical practice differentiation of one from other may be difficult. The aim of this study was to asses features of SLE in patients with diagnosis of AIH.Thirty patients [mean age: 52.4 ± 11.8 years; 23 (76.7 %) female] were included in the study. Seven (23.3 %) of the patients full filled 4 or more criteria for classification of SLE. None of the patients had muco-cutaneous lesions characteristic to SLE. Three patients had rheumatoid factor negative arthritis, and 2 patients had pericardial effusion. Four patients had significant thrombocytopenia (<100 × 10(3)/µL), and one of these patients had pancytopenia. None of the patients had hematuria, but 3 patients had proteinuria which did not affect renal function during the study period. One patient died due to pancytopenia-associated pulmonary infection. Among the treated patients with SLE features, 2/5 (40 %) achieved ALT normalization and 9/12 (75 %) of the remaining patients achieved ALT normalization (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.28) during the study period. Although the difference is non-significant, treatment response of AIH patients with SLE features seemed to be delayed and incomplete compared to other patients, but with the limited number of patients it is inconvenient to reach a definitive conclusion. Further studies are needed to identify role of features of SLE on treatment response in patients with AIH.

The cost-effectiveness of treating chronic hepatitis B patients in a median endemic and middle income country.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is a serious public health problem due to its potential liver disease sequelae and highly expensive medical costs such as the need for liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to quantify the burden of active CHB in terms of mortality and morbidity, the eligibility of antiviral treatment and to assess various treatment scenarios and possible salvage combinations for cost-effectiveness. METHODS: A population cohort from a large data base of chronic hepatitis B patients was constructed and stratified according to 10-year age groups, the prevalence of HBsAg, HBV DNA level, ALT level, HBeAg status and the presence of cirrhosis. An age-specific Markov model for disease progression and cost-effectiveness analysis was constructed and calibrated for the specific population setting. RESULTS: Of about 3.2 million estimated HBsAg carriers, 25% are eligible for treatment. If the active cohort remains untreated, 31% will die due to liver related complications. Within a 20-year period, 11% will have developed decompensated cirrhosis, 12% liver cancer and 6% will need liver transplantation. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for the no treatment scenario ranged from 9.3 to 14.0. For scenarios with antiviral treatment, QALYs ranged from 9.9 to 14.5 for lamivudine, 13.0-17.5 for salvage therapy, and 16.6-19.0 for the third generation drugs entecavir and tenofovir. CONCLUSION: In a country with considerable amount of active CHB patients, monotherapy with a highly potent third generation drug has the most health-gain, and is cost-effective in both HBeAg-positive and negative in all stages of liver disease.

The impact of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography education on radiation exposure to experienced endoscopist: 'trainee effect'.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP), as with other fluoroscopic procedures, carries the risk of exposure of staff to radiation. However, over the last two decades, only a few studies have investigated this risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the dose of radiation exposure to staff participating in ERCP procedures in a busy teaching hospital that performs more than 1,850 procedures annually. METHODS: The entire ERCP staff consisted of the experienced endoscopist, the assistant, and two nurses who were responsible for monitoring patients as well as keeping their heads in position during the procedure. RAD DOSE NEB.226 dosimeters, which were provided by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, were used for this study. RESULTS: Data on 110 consecutive therapeutic ERCP procedures was recorded. The mean fluoroscopy time was 5.65 ± 4.71 min. The mean fluoroscopy time of the 61 procedures performed by an experienced endoscopist alone was 5.41 ± 4.65 min, whereas the mean fluoroscopy time for the 49 procedures during which an assistant was involved was 5.94 ± 4.81 min (p = 0.56). In terms of median dose of ionizing radiation exposure to the eyes, the dose measurement per procedure in which the primary endoscopist participated alone was 72 microsievert (µSv), compared to 92 µSv when an assistant took part in theproceedings. Considering that the recommended annual equivalent dose limit to the lens of the eye is 150 mSv, by performing 1,850 procedures annually, the primary endoscopist exceeds this limit. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, taking into consideration the heavy workload in our hospital, it would seem that more experienced endoscopists are required to help provide training in ERCP, and that the use of lead acrylic goggles is required to decrease radiation exposure to the eyes.

What to do if a transesophageal echocardiography probe buckled in esophagus?

A 65-year-old man was consulted because of buckling of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe in the esophagus. A forward-viewing endoscope was inserted to the esophagus alongside the TEE probe. TEE probe was pushed to the stomach while the retroflexed tip portion was pushed by the endoscope in order to prevent retroflexion. The TEE probe was advanced into the stomach by this method where the buckled part was unfolded and then withdrawn. Cardiologists performing TEE and the referred gastroenterologists could perform such a method of solution in case of buckling of TEE probe in the esophagus.

Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To provide a clear picture of the current hepatitis B situation, the authors performed a systematic review to estimate the age- and region-specific prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Turkey. METHODS: A total of 339 studies with original data on the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Turkey and published between 1999 and 2009 were identified through a search of electronic databases, by reviewing citations, and by writing to authors. After a critical assessment, the authors included 129 studies, divided into categories: 'age-specific'; 'region-specific'; and 'specific population group'. To account for the differences among the studies, a generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the overall prevalence across all age groups and regions. For specific population groups, the authors calculated the weighted mean prevalence. RESULTS: The estimated overall population prevalence was 4.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.58, 5.76, and the estimated total number of CHB cases was about 3.3 million. The outcomes of the age-specific groups varied from 2.84, (95% CI: 2.60, 3.10) for the 0-14-year olds to 6.36 (95% CI: 5.83, 6.90) in the 25-34-year-old group. CONCLUSION: There are large age-group and regional differences in CHB prevalence in Turkey, where CHB remains a serious health problem.

Aflatoxin exposure in viral hepatitis patients in Turkey.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer and a major public health problem worldwide. Differences in distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence are probably due to different levels of exposure to hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors: chronic infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and aflatoxin exposure in developing countries, and smoking and alcohol abuse in developed countries. Aflatoxin is one of the most important of the environmental toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in the regions where dietary foodstuffs (peanuts, corn, Brazil nuts, pistachios, spices and figs) are highly contaminated. High aflatoxin levels have been shown in the foodstuffs that are produced in our country. The specific aim of this study was to assess the rate of aflatoxin exposure and to determine some clues about aflatoxin metabolism by measuring and comparing the levels of carcinogenic forms in healthy subjects, in different stages of viral disease, and in different viral hepatitis types. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational, single-center study. A total of 203 (male/female: 119/84) viral hepatitis patients who were consecutively admitted to Ankara University, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Clinic, between January 2006 and June 2007 were enrolled into the study. Sixty-two healthy subjects (male/female: 33/29) with normal blood chemistry and negative viral serology served as controls. Chemical forms AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were assessed in plasma of study participants by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were detected in 24.6%, 17.2%, 22.7%, 18.2% of the 203 patients, respectively, and were significantly higher than in the control group for all chemical forms. Percentage of AFB1-positive patients was significantly higher than in the control group irrespective of disease stage. There was no significant difference between chronic infected patients, cirrhotic patients and patients with Hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to percentage of aflatoxin-positive individuals. CONCLUSIONS: With this study, we have documented that in viral hepatitis patients, aflatoxin exposure is significantly higher than in healthy subjects in Turkey and it may play an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, large studies exploring the relation between aflatoxin exposure, viral hepatitis status, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development are needed.