Agreement Between Integrated Management of Childhood Illness and Final Diagnosis in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) and final diagnosis in patients presenting with cough at the second and third level health institutions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 373 children aged 2-60 mo who presented with cough at the pediatric emergency and outpatient clinics in the Department of Pediatrics. After clinical examination of children, body temperature, respiratory rate, saturation, presence or absence of the chest indrawing, rales, wheezing and laryngeal stridor were recorded. Cases were categorized according to IMCI algorithm regarding the severity using the color code, such as red (urgent treatment), yellow (treatment in the hospital), or green (treatment at home). Final diagnosis after physical examination, laboratory analysis and chest X-ray was compared with the IMCI algorithm. RESULTS: Study agreement between IMCI classification and final diagnosis was 74.3% with kappa value 0.55 (moderate agreement). Similar agreement values were detected in both the second and third level health institutions. Health condition and gender did not affect agreement value. Agreement were found to be high in patients <24 mo of age (ĸ = 0.67), presence of fever and cough (ĸ = 0.54), tachypnea (ĸ = 0.93), chest indrawing (ĸ = 1.00) and oxygen saturation of <94%(ĸ = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Adding saturation level to the IMCI algorithmic diagnosis may increase agreement between IMCI classification and final diagnosis.

Reliability of spot-check transcutaneous hemoglobin measurement in children.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the correlation between spot-check transcutaneous hemoglobin (Hb) and simultaneously measured venous Hb in children. METHODS: Two hundred and seventeen children weighing 10-30 kg in whom complete blood count had been obtained for any reason were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics and vital signs were recorded. Prior to taking blood samples, transcutaneous Hb, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and perfusion index were measured using a probe connected to the subject's thumb. To determine the reliability of the transcutaneous measurement versus venous blood measurement performed via an autoanalyzer device, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. The correlation between the two measurements was evaluated on Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: A total of 59.4% of the patients were boys. The average age was 53 months (range, 6-132 months). Average bodyweight was 16 kg (range, 10-25 kg). Mean venous Hb, hematocrit, and transcutaneous Hb were 11.94 ± 1.15 g/dL, 35.8 ± 3.2%, and 12.42 ± 1.24 g/dL, respectively. The ICC for the reliability of the transcutaneous measurements versus venous blood measurements was r = 0.67 (95%CI: 0.5776-0.7526). The correlation between the two sets of measurements was good, as evaluated by the Bland-Altman analysis. CONCLUSION: There is good correlation between transcutaneous and venous blood measurements of Hb. In the future, transcutaneous measurement, as a non-invasive method, may be an alternative for the measurement of Hb in childhood.

CSF hydrothorax: neither migration of peritoneal catheter into the chest nor ascites. Case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Complications of ventriculoperitoneal (V/P) shunt surgery are generally due to infection, or mechanical or dynamic dysfunction. Thoracic complications like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrothorax are rarely seen. PATIENT AND METHODS: We present a CSF hydrothorax patient as a rare complication of V/P shunt surgery and review of the literature. The patient was a 7-month-old girl who had V/P shunt surgery for hydrocephalus. Six months after surgery, she was admitted to hospital with the complaint of cough. As the chest X-ray revealed hydrothorax, a chest tube was inserted. Although her shunt tip was in the abdominal cavity in shuntograms, positive beta-2 transferrin in liquid sample and Tc 99m cisternography proved that it was CSF. After we replaced her V/P shunt with a ventriculoatrial shunt, the liquid coming from the chest tube progressively diminished and disappeared, and her chest tube was removed. RESULTS: There are 36 CSF hydrothorax cases, including the present case, in the literature. There is peritoneal catheter migration into the chest in 22 of them (61.1 %). Half of the remaining 14 cases (38.9 %) without catheter migration have also CSF ascites. But, in the other half (seven cases), there is neither catheter migration nor CSF ascites as in the present case. CONCLUSION: CSF hydrothorax following V/P shunt surgery is a very rare complication that may cause serious respiratory distress. It is important to keep in mind that peritoneal catheter migration into the chest may or may not occur. Even ascites may not accompany CSF hydrothorax in a patient without peritoneal catheter migration.