Investigation of pituitary dysfunction in retired professional soccer players / Investigação de disfunção hipofisária em jogadores de futebol profissionais aposentados / Investigación de disfunción hipofisaria en jugadores de fútbol profesionales retirados

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is well-known that pituitary dysfunction can develop as a result of traumatic brain injuries. One reason for such injuries is collision during contact sports. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heading the ball and concussion on pituitary function in retired soccer players. Methods: Thirty-two retired soccer players, with an average age of 43.38 ± 5.49 (35-59) and 26 sedentary individuals with an average age of 43.31±6.38 (35-59) were included in this study. The subjects were questioned about their soccer-playing background, history of head trauma and concussion, and cardiometabolic diseases. One day one, blood samples were taken to investigate the baseline hematologic and biochemical parameters. On day two, the ACTH stimulation test was conducted, and on day three, glucagon stimulation tests were carried out. Resting EKG, transthoracic ECHO and exercise stress tests (for MET values) were also conducted. For the statistical analysis, The Student's t-test was used to compare the results of the two groups. The level of significance adopted was p<0.05. Results: It was identified that 5 out of 32 soccer players (16%) had experienced concussion during their soccer careers. The growth hormone (GH) levels of 3 retired soccer players (9.2%) and 3 sedentary individuals (10%) was below 1 ng/dl, which was accepted as the threshold value. There were no significant differences between hematological, biochemical and cardiometabolic parameters of the soccer players with low GH levels and those with normal GH levels. There was no significant relationship between the number of headers performed and GH deficiency. Conclusion: Although low GH levels were detected in almost 10% of the retired soccer players, the frequency of hypopituitarism was not higher than in the sedentary control group. Level of evidence I; Prognostic Studies.

RESUMO Introdução: É fato conhecido que a disfunção hipofisária sobrevém em decorrência de lesões cerebrais traumáticas. Uma das razões para essas lesões é a colisão durante esportes de contato. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do cabeceamento de bola sobre a hipófise e suas funções em jogadores de futebol aposentados. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 32 jogadores de futebol aposentados com média de idade de 43,38 ± 5,49 (35-59) e 26 indivíduos sedentários com média de idade de 43,31 ± 6,38 (35-59) que foram questionados quanto à experiência como jogador de futebol, história de traumatismo craniano, concussões e doenças cardiometabólicas. No primeiro dia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue para investigar os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos basais. No segundo dia, foi realizado o teste de estimulação com ACTH; no terceiro dia, foram feitos os testes de estimulação com glucagon. Além disso, foram realizados ECG de repouso, ecocardiograma transtorácico e testes de esforço para obter o equivalente metabólico (MET). Na análise estatística, o teste t de Student foi usado na comparação dos resultados dos dois grupos. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p < 0,05. Resultados: Identificou-se que cinco dos 32 jogadores de futebol (16%) sofreram uma concussão durante a carreira futebolística. Os níveis de hormônio de crescimento (GH) de três jogadores de futebol (9,2%) e de três indivíduos sedentários (10%) foram inferiores a 1 ng/dl, valor que foi aceito como limiar. Não houve diferença significativa entre os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e cardiometabólicos dos jogadores de futebol com deficiência de GH e os jogadores de futebol com nível normal de GH. Não houve relação significativa entre o número de cabeceamentos e a deficiência de GH. Conclusão: Embora a deficiência de GH tenha sido detectada em quase 10% dos jogadores aposentados, a frequência de hipopituarismo não foi maior do que a dos controles sedentários. Nível de evidência I; Estudos Prognósticos.

RESUMEN Introducción: Es un hecho conocido que la disfunción hipofisaria sobreviene a consecuencia de lesiones cerebrales traumáticas. Una de las razones para esas lesiones es la colisión durante deportes de contacto. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la cabezada en la pelota sobre la hipófisis y sus funciones en jugadores de fútbol retirados. Métodos: Participaron en este estudio 32 jugadores de fútbol retirados con promedio de edad de 43,38 ± 5,49 (35-59) y 26 individuos sedentarios con promedio de edad de 43,31 ± 6,38 (35-59) que fueron cuestionados cuanto a la experiencia como jugador de fútbol, historia de traumatismo craneano, concusiones y enfermedades cardiometabólicas. En el primer día, fueron obtenidas muestras de sangre para investigar los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos basales. En el segundo día, fue realizado el test de estimulación con ACTH. En el tercer día, fueron hechos los tests de estimulación con glucagón. Además, fueron realizados ECG de reposo, ecocardiograma transtorácico y tests de esfuerzo para obtener el equivalente metabólico (MET). En el análisis estadístico se usó el test t de Student en la comparación de los resultados de los dos grupos. El nivel de significancia fue establecido en p<0,05. Resultados: Se identificó que cinco de los 32 jugadores (16%) sufrieron una concusión durante la carrera futbolística. Los niveles de hormona de crecimiento (HC) de tres jugadores de fútbol (9,2%) y de tres individuos sedentarios (10%) fueron inferiores a 1 ng/dl, valor que fue aceptado como umbral. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos y cardiometabólicos de los jugadores de fútbol con deficiencia de HC y los jugadores de fútbol con niveles normal de HC. No hubo relación significativa entre el número de cabezadas y la deficiencia de HC. Conclusión: Aunque la deficiencia de HC haya sido detectada en casi 10% de los jugadores retirados, la frecuencia de hipopituitarismo no fue superior a la de los controles sedentarios. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios pronósticos.

Advanced analysis of auditory evoked potentials in hyperthyroid patients: the effect of filtering.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) in patients with hyperthyroidism and to compare their frequency components with those of healthy subjects. In this study the AEPs in hyperthyroidism were studied both in time and frequency domains rather than studying just in the time domain by peak scoring. This paper presents a method for filtering auditory oddball standard and target AEPs by using singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and feature extraction in the frequency domain via spectral analysis. AEPs were recorded during an auditory oddball paradigm in 25 newly diagnosed hyperthyroid patients and 15 healthy subjects. The signals are captured in the presence of ongoing background EEG activity so they are often contaminated by artifacts. This paper presents a method for filtering auditory odd-ball standard and target AEPs by using Singular spectrum analysis and feature extraction in frequency domain via spectral analysis. Information about the frequency composition of the signal is then used to compare normal and hyperthyroid states. While there was no significant difference either in the target or standard unfiltered signals between the hyperthyroid patients and the control group (p > 0.05), there was a significant difference in the filtered signals between the two groups (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our results revealed that SSA is an effective filtering method for AEPs. Thus, a much more objective and specific examination method was developed.

The results of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with severe hyperthyroidism: a retrospective multicenter study.

Hyperthyroidism characterized by elevated serum levels of circulating thyroid hormones. The aim of hyperthyroidism treatment is to achieve a euthyroid state as soon as possible and to maintain euthyroid status. However, drug withdrawal and utilization of alternative therapies are needed in cases in which leucopenia or impairment in liver functions is observed during medical therapy. In the present study, we aimed to present our cases which underwent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) due to severe hyperthyroidism. The results of 22 patients who underwent therapeutic plasma exchange due to hyperthyroidism in Apheresis Units of Erciyes University and Gaziantep University, between 2006 and 2012, were retrospectively reviewed. These cases had severe thyrotoxic values despite anti-thyroid drug use. After TPE, we observed a significant decrease in free thyroxin (FT4) (p<0.001) and free triiodotyhronin (FT3) (p<0.004) levels. There was statistically significant increase in the mean values of TSH levels after TPE (p<0.001). Clinical improvement was achieved in hyperthyroidism by TPE in 20 cases (91%). Both FT3 and FT4 levels remained above the normal limits in two of 22 patients. TPE should be considered as an effective and safe therapeutic option to achieve euthyroid state before surgery or radioactive iodine treatment. TPE is a useful option in cases with severe hyperthyroidism unresponsive to anti-thyroid agents and in those with clinical manifestations of cardiac failure and in patients with severe adverse events during anti-thyroid therapy.