Subject(s)
Sepsis , Humans , Middle Aged , Female , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/etiology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/microbiology , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Multiple Organ Failure/etiology , Multiple Organ Failure/diagnosis , Fatal Outcome , Procalcitonin/bloodABSTRACT
Nitrogen (N) is a critical factor for crop growth and yield. Improving N use efficiency (NUE) in agricultural systems is crucial for sustainable food production. However, the underlying regulation of N uptake and utilization in crops is not well known. Here, we identified OsSNAC1 (stress-responsive NAC 1) as an upstream regulator of OsNRT2.1 (nitrate transporter 2.1) in rice (Oryza sativa) by yeast 1-hybridization screening. OsSNAC1 was mainly expressed in roots and shoots and induced by N deficiency. We observed similar expression patterns of OsSNAC1, OsNRT2.1/2.2, and OsNRT1.1A/B in response to NO3- supply. Overexpression of OsSNAC1 resulted in increased concentrations of free NO3- in roots and shoots, as well as higher N uptake, higher NUE, and N use index (NUI) in rice plants, which conferred increased plant biomass and grain yield. On the contrary, mutations in OsSNAC1 resulted in decreased N uptake and lower NUI, which inhibited plant growth and yield. OsSNAC1 overexpression significantly upregulated OsNRT2.1/2.2 and OsNRT1.1A/B expression, while the mutation in OsSNAC1 significantly downregulated OsNRT2.1/2.2 and OsNRT1.1A/B expression. Y1H, transient co-expression, and ChIP assays showed OsSNAC1 directly binds to the upstream promoter regions of OsNRT2.1/2.2 and OsNRT1.1A/1.1B. In conclusion, we identified a NAC transcription factor in rice, OsSNAC1, with a positive role in regulating NO3- uptake through direct binding to the upstream promoter regions of OsNRT2.1/2.2 and OsNRT1.1A/1.1B and activating their expression. Our results provide a potential genetic approach for improving crop NUE in agriculture.
Subject(s)
Nitrate Transporters , Oryza , Oryza/metabolism , Anion Transport Proteins/genetics , Anion Transport Proteins/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Nitrogen/metabolism , Gene Expression , Nitrates/metabolismABSTRACT
[Figure: see text].
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism , Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology , Aorta/drug effects , Aortic Diseases/prevention & control , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control , Benzamides/pharmacology , Cholesterol/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/pathology , Aortic Diseases/genetics , Aortic Diseases/metabolism , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Atherosclerosis/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Intestinal Elimination/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Mesocricetus , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout, ApoE , Protein Kinase C/genetics , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , RAW 264.7 Cells , Receptors for Activated C Kinase/genetics , Receptors for Activated C Kinase/metabolism , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs), A, D, and E, are components of prenatal vitamin care. Previously, limited evidence existed to explain on a molecular level how maternal FSV supplementation affects the fetus during pregnancy. We developed a simplified LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously detect FSVs in maternal plasma (MP) and amniotic fluid (AF); we used this approach to investigate the correlation between FSV levels in these two matrices. With this method, we circumvented frequently used liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction methods and, instead, used simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile for sample preparation. This method displayed satisfactory linearity, intra- and inter-day imprecision, and accuracy. We validated the consistency with standard reference material 972a and 968f certification. In analysis of MP and AF samples from 50 pregnant women in the second trimester, concentrations of retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], and α-tocopherol (reflecting vitamins A, D, and E, respectively) were lower in AF than in MP. Significant positive correlations existed between MP and AF for 25(OH)D3 (r = 0.667; P < 0.001) and retinol (r = 0.393; P = 0.005), but not for α-tocopherol (r = 0.145, P > 0.05). This novel LC-MS/MS method shows prominent applicability for FSV detection and the observed correlations contribute to research on fetal development.
