Comparative Assessment of SSR and RAPD markers for genetic diversity in some Mango cultivars.

Genetic improvement mainly depends on the level of genetic variability present in the population, and the degree of genetic diversity in a population largely determines the rate of genetic advancement. For analyzing genetic diversity and determining cultivar identities, a molecular marker is a useful tool. Using 30 SSR (simple sequence repeat) and 30 RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, this study evaluated the genetic divergence of 17 mango cultivars. The effectiveness of the two marker systems was evaluated using their genetic diversity characteristics. Additionally, the effects of SM (simple matching) and Dice similarity coefficients and their effects on mango clustering were evaluated. The findings showed that SSR markers generated 192 alleles, all of which were polymorphic (100%). With RAPD markers, 434 bands were obtained, 361 of which were polymorphic (83%). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) for RAPD and SSR was 0.378 and 0.735, respectively. Using SSR markers resulted in much higher values for other genetic diversity parameters compared to RAPD markers. Furthermore, grouping the genotypes according to the two similarity coefficients without detailed consideration of these coefficients could not influence the study results. The RAPD markers OPA_01, OPM_12 followed by OPO_12 and SSR markers MIAC_4, MIAC_5 followed by mMiCIR_21 were the most informative in terms of describing genetic variability among the cultivars under study; they can be used in further investigations such as genetic mapping or marker-assisted selection. Overall, 'Zebda' cultivar was the most diverse of the studied cultivars.

CEG-AgNPs Ameliorates DMBA-Induced Mammary Carcinogenicity by Alleviating Cytokines Expression.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> For more than a decade, breast cancer has been one of the most common forms of cancer among women around the world. The present article aimed to evaluate the protective activity of CEG-AgNPs against DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this experimental study, green synthesis and characterization of CEG-AgNPs were carried as well as IC₅₀ against Mcf7 cell line and LD₅₀ on mice were evaluated. A total of 24 adult albino mice were divided into four groups six rats in each. Group I was given an equal amount of distilled water, group II was received 80 mg kg¹ b.wt., DMBA for 4 weeks, groups III and IV were treated with CEG-AgNPs (28.1 and 70.25 mg kg¹) from the 5th week of DMBA administration for 4 weeks, respectively. <b>Results:</b> CEG-AgNPs were approximately 42.32±9.52 nm with a negative zeta potential of -17.44. It is IC₅₀ against the Mcf7 cell line and LD₅₀ is equal to 82.76 µg mL¹ and 1405 mg kg¹ b.wt., A significant normalization in plasma ALT, AST, AST and LDH as well as mammary MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, P53, SOD, GPx and GSH levels have been observed in CEG-AgNPs treated mice. Oral CEG-AgNPs administration has suppressed VEGF-C gene expression in DMBA-treated mice. <b>Conclusion:</b> The present results, biochemical, histological and MRI results showed that CEG-AgNPs have potent anticancer activity against DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in mice by inducing the biosynthesizes of antioxidant biomarkers and suppression of cytokines gene expression.

Antitumor and Protective Activity of TVLE against CdCl2-Induced Renal Damage in Rats.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cadmium is a heavy metal that has a wide range of applications in human existence. Cadmium may bind to the protein metallothionein and decrease kidney function once it enters the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the renal protective activity of TVLE against CdCl₂-induced renal toxicity in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> TVLE was prepared and characterized using instrumental analysis and spectral data. Furthermore, the IC₅₀ of TVLE against the Vero renal carcinoma cell line was calculated. Adult albino rats were used to assess the renal protective activity of TVLE (150 and 300 mg kg¹ b.wt.) in CdCl₂-treated rats. <b>Results:</b> IC₅₀of TVLE against Vero cell line equals 148.25 µg mL¹. The daily oral administration of TVLE at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg kg¹ b.wt. for 21 days to CdCl₂-treated rates resulted in a significant improvement in tumour volume and tumour weight, urea, creatinine, uric acid, TNF-α, NOx, TBARs, GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx and VEGF-C gene expression in CdCl₂-treated rats. Furthermore, TVLE almost normalized these effects in renal histoarchitecture. <b>Conclusion:</b> The biochemical, histological and MRI examinations of the current study suggested that TVLE have renal protective activity against CdCl₂-induced renal toxicity in rats.

Downregulation of TLR4-NF-?B-p38 MAPK Signalling in Cholestatic Rats Treated with Cranberry Extract.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cholestasis is a liver disease that occurs when bile flow is restricted or blocked. Estrogen-induced cholestasis is marked by a reduction in bile flow and the accumulation of bile acids in the liver as well as liver damage. The aim was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect on EE-induced cholestasis in rats of Cranberry Water Extract (CWE). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Adult albino rats weighing approximately 150±10 g were divided into six groups of six animals each. As control groups, three groups (I, II and IV) and three experimental groups were used (III, V, VI). <b>Results:</b> Oral administration for 15 days of CWE (150 mg kg¹ b.wt.) in EE-treated rats (100 µg kg¹ 5 days b.wt.) improved serum cholesterol, bile acid and TBIL as well as hepatic SOD and GPx significantly. Also, CWE inhibited ALP, ALT, γ-GT activity as well as levels of TNF-α, NO, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and MDA in comparison with the EE treatment rats. On the other hand, the liver TLR4, NF-κB and p38MAPK gene expression was down regulated group of rats administrated with cranberry extract when compared with the EE-treated rats. CWE's prophylactic action II is more pronounced than prophylactic one. The hepatoprotective effects of cranberry in restoring normal liver functional ability were also supported by histopathological examination of liver tissues. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results show clearly that cranberry extract has a strong prophylactic effect in EE-induced cholestasis by normalizing the levels of TLR4, NF-κB and p38MAPK gene expression.

Astaxanthin Attenuates D-Galactosamine-Induced Pancreatic Injury by Activating Antioxidant Enzymes and Inhibiting VEGF-C Gene Expression.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-ß-ß-carotene-4,4'-dione) is a carotenoid, commonly found in marine environments has been reported to possess versatile biological properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, the pancreatic protective effect of astaxanthin was investigated in D-Galactosamine-induced pancreas injury in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this experimental study, MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic effects of the Astaxanthin on pnc1 cells. A total of 30 adult albino rats divided into 5 groups, six rats in each. Group I was given an equal amount of distilled water, group II was received 400 mg kg¹ b.wt. D-galactosamine on 15th day, groups III-V were treated with astaxanthin (50 and 100 mg kg¹) and/or silymarin (50 mg kg¹) for 14 days + 400 mg kg¹ b.wt. D-galactosamine on the 15th day, respectively. <b>Results:</b> IC₅₀of Astaxanthin against the pnc1 cell line was 92.9 µg mL¹. The daily oral administration of astaxanthin (50 and 100 mg kg¹) as well as silymarin (50 mg kg¹) for 14 days to rats treated with D-galactosamine resulted in a significant improvement in plasma AST, ALT, ALP as well as pancreatic TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10, NO and VEGF-C gene expression. On the other hand, inducible oral administration of astaxanthin increased the activity of pancreatic GSH, SOD, GPx, GR, CAT and the level of TBARs in D-galactosamine-treated pancreatic of rats. Furthermore, Astaxanthin almost normalized these effects in pancreatic tissue histoarchitecture and MRI examination. <b>Conclusion:</b> The obtained results showed that Astaxanthin protected experimental animals against D-galactosamine-induced pancreatic injury through activation of antioxidant enzymes and IL-10 and inhibition of VEGF-C activation.

Resveratrol: A Potential Protector Against Benzo[a]pyrene- Induced Lung Toxicity.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a major component of lipophilic pollutants then can be translated to diffluent substances. The aim of t he present article was to investigate protective activity of resveratrol against lung toxicity induced by B[a]P. Material and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups (6 animals/group): 3 negative control groups, control positive, B[a]P (20 mg kg¹ b.wt., resveratrol (50 mg kg¹ b.wt.)-B[a]P and vitamin C (1 g kg¹ b.wt.)-B[a]P groups. <b>Results:</b> The daily oral administration of the resveratrol (50 mg kg¹ b.wt.) and vitamin C (1 g kg¹ b.wt.) for 30 days to rats treated with B[a]P (20 mg kg¹ b.wt.) resulted in a significant improve plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C as well as serum TNF-α, TBARS, IL-2,IL-6, haptoglobin, histamine, IgA, Ig E,Ig G and Ig M in B[a]P treated rats. On the other hand oral administration of resveratrol elevated the SOD, GPx and GR gene expression in lung rats treated with B[a]P. Furthermore, resveratrol and vitamin C nearly normalized these effects in lung histoarchitecture. <b>Conclusion:</b> The obtained biochemical, molecular biology and histological results of this study proved the lung protective activity of resveratrol against B[a]P induced lung toxicity in rats.

MP-SeNPs; A Promising Cytokines Suppressor in Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Mammal Tissue Injury in Rats.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Moringa peregrina</i> (family Moringaceae) is a common flowering plant found in the Arabian Peninsula, Horn of Africa and Southern Sinai, Egypt. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective activity of MP-SeNPs against BaP-induced mammal tissue injury in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> MP-SeNPs were prepared and characterized in terms of particle size and zeta potential. Furthermore, the IC₅₀ of MP-SeNPs against the Mcf7 breast carcinoma cell line and LD₅₀ was evaluated. Adult albino rats weighing approximately 187±10 g was used to assess the lung protective activity of MP-SeNPs (28.7 and 71.75 mg kg¹ b.wt.) against BaP-induced mammal tissue injury in rats. <b>Results:</b> The mean particle size of MP-SeNPs was 134.69±8.24 nm with negative zeta potential of +26.04 with the observed shapes of nano particle was spherical. Also, IC₅₀ of MP-SeNPs against Mcf7 breast carcinoma cell line = 89.57 µg mL¹ and LD₅₀ equals and 1435 mg kg¹ b.wt., respectively. The daily oral administration of MP-SeNPs at concentrations of 28.7 and 71.75 mg kg¹ b.wt. for 30 days to rats treated with BaP (20 mg kg¹ b.wt.) resulted in a significant improvement of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10. Oral administration of MP-SeNPs, on the other hand, increased the levels of SOD, GPx, TNF-α, iNOs and GSH as well as decreased the level of MDA in mammal tissue of BaP-treated rats. Furthermore, MP-SeNPs almost normalized these effects in mammal tissue histoarchitecture and MRI examination. <b>Conclusion:</b> The biochemical, histological and MRI findings incurrent study demonstrated that MP-SeNPs have protective activity against BaP-induced mammal tissue injury in rats.