Avaliação da expressão da filagrina em biópsias esofágicas de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica / Evaluation of philagrin expression in esophageal biopsies of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis

Introdução: Mutações do gene da filagrina vêm sendo associadas, classicamente, a alterações da barreira epitelial em doenças alérgicas com comprometimento da pele e das superfícies mucosas. Particularmente na dermatite atópica, a relação entre filagrina, mecanismo fisiopatológico e evolução clínica tem sido demonstrada. Recentemente, alterações da barreira epitelial com redução da expressão da filagrina, também têm sido associadas a mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na patogênese da esofagite eosinofílica. Devido a disfunções na barreira epitelial, microrganismos e alérgenos são capazes de penetrarem no epitélio da mucosa esofágica, assim como na dermatite atópica. Objetivo: Avaliar a possível correlação da expressão da filagrina com os achados histopatológicos em biópsias esofágicas de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica. Métodos: A expressão da filagrina foi investigada in situ, por imuno-histoquímica, em biópsias esofágicas nos seguintes grupos: Grupo I, controle (n=8), amostras provenientes de pacientes saudáveis; Grupo II (n=27), amostras provenientes de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição da expressão da filagrina na mucosa do esôfago de portadores de esofagite eosinofílica. Adicionalmente, a intensidade da marcação imuno-histoquímica foi menor na mucosa esofágica com maior infiltração de eosinófilos. Conclusão: A diminuição da expressão de filagrina pode ser um fenomeno fisiopatológico associado ao aumento da quantidade de eosinófilos na mucosa esofágica, podendo impactar na evolução clínica da esofagite eosinofílica.

Introduction:Filaggrin gene mutations have been classically associated with changes in the epithelial barrier in allergic diseases involving the skin and mucosal surfaces. Particularly in atopic dermatitis, the relationship between filaggrin, pathophysiological mechanism and clinical evolution hás been demonstrated. Recently, changes in the epithelial barrier with reduced expression of filaggrin have also been associated with immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Due to dysfunction in the epithelial barrier, microorganisms and allergens are able to penetrate the epithelium of the esophageal mucosa, as well as in atopic dermatitis. Objective: To evaluated the possible correlation of filaggrin expression with histopathological findings in esophageal biopsies of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Methods: Filaggrin expression was investigated in situ by immunohistochemistry in esophageal biopsies in the following groups: Group I, control (n = 8), samples from healthy patients; Group II (n = 27), samples from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Results: The results demonstrated a decrease in the expression of filaggrin in the esophageal mucosa of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Additionally, the intensity of the immunohistochemical labeling was lower in the esophageal mucosa with greater infiltration of eosinophils. Conclusion: The reduction of filaggrin expression may be a pathophysiological phenomenon associated with an increase in the quantity of eosinophils in the esophageal mucosa, which may impact on the clinical evolution of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Bone Neoformation Induced by Low-Level Laser and Methylene Blue Suggests Early Ossification in Rats.

Introduction: Bone healing depends on inflammation control and tissue repair time. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been investigated to accelerate this process. Methylene blue (MB), together with LLLT, has been investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, the effects of photosensitizers (photodynamic therapy, PDT) are controversial. This study aimed to verify whether the combination of MB and LLLT changes the course of the consolidation of experimental bone defects. Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats underwent femoral bone defects. In the control group (n=4), LLLT simulations were performed without MB. The MB group (n=4) received MB and simulation of LLLT. The LLLT group (n=4) was exposed to LLLT. The PDT+LLLT group (n=4) received MB and LLLT. At the end of 7 or 14 days, the animals were euthanized, and samples were collected. Results: PDT and LLLT induced osteogenic formation with cellularity (after seven days) and union of bony edges (14 days). On the seventh day, LLLT combined with PDT induced an increase (P<0.05) of 484% in the area of bone neoformation compared to the control. On the fourteenth day, LLLT combined with PDT or alone increased (P<0.05) the area of bone neoformation by 214% and 240% respectively, compared to the control group. The PDT/LLLT combination was associated with increased radiopacity (P<0.038). Conclusion: The combined use of MB with LLLT initiated during the transoperative phase may stimulate the bone repair process in rats.

Avaliação do emprego da imunoglobulina humana endovenosa sobre a densidade de infecções em pacientes com mieloma múltiplo / Evaluation of the use of human intravenous immunoglobulin on the incidence density of infections in patients with multiple myeloma

Introdução: O mieloma múltiplo (MM) é uma neoplasia hematológica que cursa com hipogamaglobulinemia e consequente imunodeficiência secundária. Uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade desses pacientes são infecções. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o impacto da reposição de imunoglobulina endovenosa (IgIV) na taxa de infecções em pacientes portadores de MM. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de análise documental, com variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas, com objetivo de realizar análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes com MM que receberam tratamento com imunoglobulina humana endovenosa em um hospital privado na cidade de Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil, no período de 01/05/2016 a 31/12/2020. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos, resultados de exames, episódios de infecções, eventos adversos da medicação e desfecho dos pacientes nos prontuários analisados. Resultados: Foram identificados 10 pacientes com diagnóstico de MM, todos receberam IgIV na dose de 300 a 400 mg/kg/mês. Nenhuma reação adversa relacionada ao uso da IgIV foi registrada nos prontuários. Foram identificados seis quadros infecciosos que ocorreram em quatro pacientes. Nenhum diagnóstico de sepse foi registrado. A densidade de incidência de infecções foi de 0,28 episódios/pacientes-ano. Conclusão: A densidade de incidência de infecções observada no presente estudo foi significativamente menor em comparação ao que se tem registro na literatura, sugerindo importante papel da IgIV na prevenção de infecções em pacientes com MM.

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy that leads to hypogammaglobulinemia and consequent secondary immunodeficiency. Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) replacement on the rate of infections in patients with MM. Methods: This document analysis study used qualitative and quantitative variables to perform a retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with MM who were treated with human IVIg in a private hospital in the city of Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil, from May 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. Epidemiological data, test results, episodes of infections, adverse medication events, and patient outcomes were collected from the medical records. Results: Ten patients diagnosed with MM were identified, and they all received IVIg at a dose of 300 to 400 mg/kg/month. No adverse reactions related to the use of IVIg were recorded. Six infections that occurred in 4 patients were identified. No diagnosis of sepsis was recorded. The incidence density of infections was 0.28 episodes/patient-years. Conclusion: The incidence density of infections was significantly smaller in this study in comparison with previous literature findings, which suggests a significant role of IVIg in the prevention of infections in patients with MM.

Induced oral mucositis in Wistar rats treated with different drugs: Preventive potential in cytokine production.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive potential of pentoxifylline, atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene in oral mucositis through histopathological analysis of wounds in the oral mucosa of Wistar rats treated with 5-FU, and to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of these drugs on serum nitrite production, in situ IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-ß, and TNF-α in tissues. A total of 32 male Wistar rats with an average age of 9 weeks and an average body weight of 250 g were divided into four treatment groups: Saline, trans-caryophyllene, pentoxifylline and atorvastatin. Oral mucositis was then induced. On days 3 and 4, the mucosa of the mouth of eight pre-treated animals in each group was bilaterally scarified twice with the tip of a sterile needle, with an anesthetic solution. Mucosal samples from animals treated with trans-caryophyllene preserved a thin epithelial lining associated with focal perivascular inflammatory infiltrates. Pentoxifylline-treated animals exhibited total epithelial loss in oral wounds with severe inflammatory infiltrates and mild re-epithelialization associated with mild and diffuse inflammatory infiltrates. Samples from atorvastatin-treated animals exhibited no epithelial dissolution, with preserved thin lining and mild diffuse inflammatory infiltrates. The analysis of TNF-α expression revealed improved results in trans-caryophyllene animals. The analysis of TGF-ß expression revealed positive mononuclear cells. Preventive treatment with atorvastatin was demonstrated to modulate the serum expression levels of TNF-α during all stages of the experiment. Treatment with trans-caryophyllene modulated serum IFN-γ levels negatively, whereas treatment with atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene maintained lower levels of IFN-γ compared with the control group.

New model of Oral Mucositis with 5-Fluorouracil chemo-induced in Wistar rats without the use of anesthesics / Novo modelo de Mucosite Oral quimioinduzida com 5-Fluorouracil em ratos Wistar sem uso de anestésicos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Oral mucositis (OM) is considered the most frequent acute side effect of the antineoplasic treatment, with ulcerative lesions resulting from a painful symptomatology, affecting the oral cavity in response to the Antineoplastic treatment. In order to study these side effects, experiments in animal models are necessary, using antineoplastic drugs for the induction of OM and anesthetics, mainly Ketamine and Xylazine, to perform scarification of the cheeks. Objective: The goal is to report an experimental model of induced OM, without the use of anesthetics for the scarification stage of the animal cheeks. Methods: Fourty five male Wistar rats, 7 weeks old and weighting 220g, were used, divided into 2 groups; with OM induced by 5-Fluorouracil intraperitoneal administration. Two days later, Group I was physically contained, in contrast, Group II were anesthetized with Ketamine and Xylazine, focusing on irritating the cheek mucosa using the tip of a sterile needle, in order to potentialize the development of OM. The animals were euthanized with an anesthetic overdose. Results: Concerning the experiment of 5-Fluorouracil chemo-induced of OM, where the irritation was performed by physical containment, without the use of anesthetics (Ketamine and Xylazine), the animals had a longer survivability and a rapid improvement of the side effects induced by chemotherapy. Conclusion: This new model is promising, considering that the use of anesthetics (Ketamine and Xylazine) showed a high mortality rate. In the absence of anesthesia, all the animals survived until the end of the experiment involving chemotherapy model with 5-Fluorouracil and physical restraint.

RESUMO Introdução: A mucosite oral (MO) é considerada o efeito colateral agudo mais frequente do tratamento antineoplásico, com lesões ulcerativas decorrentes de sintomatologia dolorosa, acometendo a cavidade oral em resposta ao tratamento antineoplásico. Para estudar esses efeitos colaterais, são necessários experimentos em modelos animais, utilizando fármacos antineoplásicas para a indução de MO e anestésicos, principalmente Cetamina e Xilazina, para realizar a escarificação das bochechas Objetivos: Relatar um novo modelo experimental de MO induzida, sem o uso de anestésicos, para a etapa de escarificação das bochechas dos animais. Métodos: Foram utilizados 45 ratos Wistar machos, com 7 semanas de idade e peso de 220g, divididos em 2 grupos com MO induzida pela administração intraperitoneal de 5-fluorouracil. Dois dias depois, o Grupo I foi contido fisicamente, ao contrário, o Grupo II foi anestesiado com Cetamina e Xilazina, com foco em irritar a mucosa da bochecha com a ponta de uma agulha estéril, a fim de potencializar o desenvolvimento de MO. Os animais foram eutanasiados com sobredose de anestésica. Resultados: Em relação ao experimento de 5-Fluorouracil quimioinduzido para MO, onde a irritação foi realizada por contenção física, sem o uso de anestésicos (Cetamina e Xilazina), os animais tiveram maior sobrevida e rápida melhora dos efeitos colaterais induzidos por quimioterapia. Conclusão: Este novo modelo é promissor, visto que o uso de anestésicos (Cetamina e Xilazina) apresentou elevada mortalidade. Porém, na ausência de anestesia, todos os animais sobreviveram até o final do experimento envolvendo este modelo de quimioterapia induzida com 5-fluorouracil e contenção física.

Intranasal drug delivery devices are a potential contamination source of airways / Dispositivos intranasais de medicamentos são uma potencial fonte de contaminação das vias aéreas

Background: The use of intranasal drug delivery devices (IDDD) for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) is frequent because they are simple, efficient, and safe, and mainly because they are perceived as low-risk. However, it is speculated that contact between the nasal mucosa and an IDDD may give rise to infections once the nose is colonized by bacteria, and there are currently no proper instructions for IDDD sanitization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of contamination of an IDDD for topical medication after simulating use in healthy individuals. Methods: The in vitro study consisted of 14 healthy individuals of both sexes, between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Samples were collected immediately after the opening of each IDDD and after simulating use by the subjects. Afterwards, the samples were deposited in tubes and kept in an incubator at 37 °C. After 48 hours, the samples were inoculated on Müller-Hinton agar. Qualitative analyses of the appearance of the samples were performed after 24 and 48 hours, and after 72 hours the presence or absence of bacteria was evaluated macroscopically. Results: After 24 hours of incubation, 21.4% (n = 3) of the samples presented with a turbid appearance and after 48h, 71% (n = 10) of the samples presented with a turbid appearance and positive bacterial growth. Conclusion: The results suggest that IDDDs for topical medications may be important sources of contamination or recontamination of the nasal mucosa of individuals who are being treated for upper respiratory tract conditions. A better understanding of the risks of re-using IDDDs after previous contact with the nasal mucosa will improve guidelines on hygiene procedures and prevention of related risks.

Introdução: O uso de dispositivos intranasais para administração de medicamentos (IDDD) no tratamento da rinite alérgica (AR) é frequente, por serem simples, eficientes e seguros, e principalmente por serem de baixo risco. No entanto, especula-se que o contato entre a mucosa nasal e um IDDD possa causar infecções, uma vez que o nariz é colonizado por bactérias, e atualmente não há instruções adequadas para a higienização do IDDD. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade de contaminação de um IDDD para medicação tópica após simulação de uso em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: O estudo in vitro foi composto por 14 indivíduos saudáveis, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 24 anos. As amostras foram coletadas imediatamente após a abertura de cada IDDD, e após a simulação do uso pelos sujeitos. Posteriormente, as amostras foram depositadas em tubos e mantidas em incubadora a 37 °C. Após 48 horas, as amostras foram inoculadas em ágar Müller-Hinton. As análises qualitativas da aparência das amostras foram realizadas após 24 e 48 horas, e após 72 horas a presença ou ausência de bactérias foi avaliada macroscopicamente. Resultados: Após 24 horas de incubação, 21,4% (n = 3) das amostras apresentaram aparência turva e, após 48h, 71% (n = 10) das amostras apresentaram aparência turva e crescimento bacteriano positivo. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que IDDDs para medicações tópicas podem ser importantes fontes de contaminação ou recontaminação da mucosa nasal de indivíduos em tratamento para condições do trato respiratório superior. Uma melhor compreensão dos riscos da reutilização de IDDDs após contato prévio com a mucosa nasal, melhorará as diretrizes sobre procedimentos de higiene e prevenção de riscos relacionados.

Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurements in the diagnoses of asthma in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements in the diagnosis of asthma in elderly patients. METHODS: The clinical symptoms of 202 elderly patients were assessed with the asthma module of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood test, which had been modified for the elderly patients, and the diagnostic routine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which was based on the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria. Of the 202 patients assessed, 43 were subjected to pulmonary function evaluations (spirometry) and FeNO measurements. RESULTS: Of the 202 elderly patients, 34 had asthma (23 definite and eleven probable), 20 met COPD criteria, 13 presented with an overlap of asthma and COPD, and 135 did not fit the criteria for obstructive pulmonary disease. Among the 43 elderly patients who were subjected to FeNO measurements, ten showed altered results (23.2%) and 33 had normal results (76.7%). The average value of FeNO in patients with definite and probable asthma undergoing this procedure was 29.2 parts per billion whereas that in nonasthmatic patients was 17.5 parts per billion (P=0.0002). CONCLUSION: We show a clear relationship between FeNO levels and asthma symptoms and previous asthma diagnoses in elderly patients.

Atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene for the prevention of leukopenia in an experimental chemotherapy model in Wistar rats.

Malignant neoplasia represents the second cause of disease-related mortality and, among all patients diagnosed with cancer, 70% will receive chemotherapy during the course of treatment. As a consequence, an increasing number of researchers have focused their attention on the search for more specific anticancer therapies associated with fewer side effects. Leukopenia is an important adverse effect associated with chemotherapy. Secondary infection is very common among leukopenic patients, directly affecting the continuity of the chemotherapeutic treatment and leading to possible complications in tumor immune defense. Atorvastatin, a type of statin, is a known agent used to control hypercholesterolemia. Trans-caryophyllene, isolated from a resinous oil extracted from the copaiba tree, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The AIM of the present study was to evaluate, through a complete leukocyte count, the systemic immunomodulation potential of pentoxifylline (PTX), atorvastatin and trans-caryophyllene, as well as the possible prophylactic role of these drugs against secondary leukopenia, in an experimental chemotherapy model induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in wistar rats. A total of 32 male wistar rats were used, 24 of which were submitted to treatment with atorvastatin, PTX and trans-caryophyllene prior to the administration of chemotherapy. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify normality and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for negative data in the normality test. Among the drugs selected, atorvastatin exhibited the best preventive potential in regards to leukopenia secondary to experimental chemotherapy induced by 5-FU, in comparison to the group receiving saline solution, while PTX amplified such alterations in the leukograms of the animals in this trial.

Oral mucositis in cancer treatment: Natural history, prevention and treatment.

Oral mucositis is a condition that is characterized by ulcerative lesions in the mucosa of patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Oral mucositis is currently considered to be the most severe complication of anticancer therapy, affecting 40-80% of patients undergoing chemotherapy and almost all those undergoing radiotherapy of the head and neck. Although they do not prevent lesions from appearing, drugs for the treatment of oral mucositis are required to minimize its clinical aggressiveness and improve the nutritional status, hydration and quality of life of the affected patients. Furthermore, the prevention and control of oral ulcers is crucial for cancer prognosis, since the establishment of severe lesions may lead to temporary or permanent treatment discontinuation and compromise cancer control. The objective of this study was to present a review on this condition, its causes and its treatment to professional clinical dentists, in order to help minimize patient suffering. A search was conducted through PubMed, Lilacs and MedLine, to retrieve related articles published between 1994 and 2013.

Body weight gain and serum leptin levels of non-overweight and overweight/obese pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to evaluate changes in serum leptin levels during pregnancy in overweight/obese and non-obese women and to assess total and percent weight gain during pregnancy as possible factors that influence leptin levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study of 42 low-risk pregnant women receiving prenatal care, we assessed serum leptin levels at gestational weeks 9-12, 25-28, and 34-37. Based on their pre-pregnancy body mass indices (BMIs), the cohort was divided into: non-overweight (BMI <25 kg/m(2)) and overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) subjects. RESULTS: We found a progressive increase in maternal weight gain during pregnancy in both groups. There was also a progressive increase in leptin levels in the 2 strata; however, the increase was significantly higher in the non-overweight patient group. We found that non-overweight pregnant women had a noticeably larger total weight gain. When analyzing the percent weight gain during pregnancy compared to the pre-pregnancy weight, the non-overweight group had a significantly greater percent weight gain than the overweight/obese group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the greater increase in leptin levels in non-overweight pregnant women can be explained by the higher percent weight gain in this group compared to overweight/obese women. These findings suggest that controlling the percent weight gain may be an important preventive measure when controlling leptin levels during pregnancy and subsequent medical complications.

The effect of the Ginkgo biloba extract in the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and bone mineral content of Wistar rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) in the glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis through the Bax and Bcl-2 expressions by osteoblast cells, the x-ray and bone density of the tibia. METHOD: Rats were divided into five groups: osteoporosis; EGb1 (28 mg/kg); EGb2 (56 mg/kg); alendronate (0.2 mg/animal) and control. The treatments were conducted for 20 (n = 30) and 30 days (n = 30). The Bax and Bcl-2 expressions were evaluated in osteoblasts of the mandibular alveolar bone. The tibias were radiographed to evaluate the X-ray and bone density. The control group was compared with the osteoporosis' (Student's t-test/Mann-Whitney). The other groups were analyzed by analysis of variance test followed by Dunnett/Dunnett T3 (p < 0.05). RESULTS: When compared the osteoporosis to the control group (p <0.05): Bax and x-ray density increased; Bcl-2 and the bone density reduced. When compared with the osteoporosis group (p < 0.05), alendronate (30 days), EGb1 and EGb2 (20/30 days) increased the Bcl-2 expression; EGb2 and alendronate (20 days) EGb1 and EGb2 (30 days) reduced the Bax expression; and EGb1 and EGb2 (20/30 days) reduced the X-ray density. CONCLUSIONS: The EGb improved the Bcl-2 and reduced the Bax expression by osteoblasts in the mandibular alveolar bone and recovered the mineral content in the tibia of rats with glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis.

Inibição da expressão de ciclooxigenase 2 em feridas cutâneas de camundongos NOD submetidos à terapia a laser de baixa intensidade / Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression in NOD mice cutaneous wound by low-level laser therapy

CONTEXTO: A terapia a laser de baixa intensidade (LLLT) tem sido relatada como importante moduladora da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas aumentando a proliferação fibroblástica associada ao aumento da expressão da citocina fator transformador de crescimento- β2 (TGF-βB2). OBJETIVO: No presente estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da LLLT sobre a expressão da enzima ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2) no sítio do reparo tecidual utilizando o modelo experimental com camundongos diabéticos não obesos (NOD) para estudar a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 30 camundongos NOD, destes 14 ficaram diabéticos e foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo I (n=7) foi submetido a um procedimento cirúrgico de feridas cutâneas e o grupo II (n=7) foi submetido a um procedimento cirúrgico de feridas cutâneas e tratados com LLLT. O grupo II foi submetido à LLLT nos seguintes parâmetros: 15 mW de potência, dose de 3,8 J/cm² e tempo de aplicação de 20 segundos. Após sete dias do ato cirúrgico e após aplicação do laser, os animais foram eutanasiados com sobredose de anestesia e amostras das feridas foram colhidas para posterior análise histopatológica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímica. RESULTADOS: A LLLT promoveu a inibição da expressão da COX2 em feridas cutâneas de camundongos diabéticos. CONCLUSÃO: Em conjunto, os resultados sugeriram que a LLLT é capaz de modular negativamente a expressão da enzima COX2 contribuindo para o controle da resposta inflamatória em feridas cutâneas de camundongos NOD.

BACKGROUND: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to modulate the healing of wounds by inducing an increase in fibroblast number associated with increased expression of the cytokine transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2). OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the effect of LLLT on expression of COX2 at the site of tissue repair was evaluated, using an experimental model with non obese diabetic mice (NOD) to study cutaneous wound healing. METHODS: Thirty NOD mice were used, of which 14 were diabetic and were divided into two groups: group I (n=7) underwent a surgical procedure of skin wounds and group II (n=7) underwent a surgical procedure of skin wounds and treated with LLLT. Group II was submitted to LLLT in the following parameters: 15 mW of power, dose of 3.8 J/cm² and exposure time of 20 seconds. Seven days after surgery and after laser application, animals were euthanized with an overdose of anesthesia and tissue samples were collected for subsequent histological analysis, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The LLLT has promoted the inhibition of COX2 expression in skin wounds in mice diabetic. Taken together the results suggest that LLLT modulate the expression of COX2 improved the control of inflammatory reaction in cutaneous wound lesions in NOD mice. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results suggested that LLLT is able to negatively modulate the expression of COX2 enzyme contributing to the inflammatory response in cutaneous wounds in NOD mice.

[Waist circumference measured before the 12th week of pregnancy: correlation with serum leptin levels]. / Circunferência abdominal avaliada antes da 12(a) semana de gestação: correlação com níveis séricos de leptina.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between maternal waist circumference measured before the 12th week of gestation and serum leptin levels during pregnancy, as well as to compare the leptin levels of women with and without abdominal obesity diagnosed in early pregnancy. METHODS: Prospective study including 40 pregnant women receiving low-risk prenatal care, older than 20 years, nonsmokers, with singleton pregnancies and without chronic disease. Waist circumference was measured before the 12th week and serum leptin levels were measured between the 9th and 12th, 25th and 28th and 34th and 37th weeks of gestation. According to waist circumference measurement, the cohort was divided into two groups: with and without abdominal obesity. The Mann-Whitney and χ(2) tests were used to assess the differences between groups. The Pearson correlation coeffient was used to assess the association between waist circumference and serum leptin levels during pregnancy. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean weight and body mass index of patients with abdominal obesity (74.4±11.0 kg/28.9±4.1) was higher than that of patients without abdominal obesity (55.6±5.9 kg/21.1±2.4) (p=0.001). The mean leptin levels in pregnant patients with abdominal obesity (41.9±3.5 ng/mL) was higher than in patients without abdominal obesity (23.6±2.7 ng/mL) (p<0.0002). A positive correlation was obtained between the waist circumference measured during the same period and the mean serum leptin levels (r=0.7; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference measured before the 12th week of pregnancy is a valid and simple method to predict the serum leptin levels throughout pregnancy. Pregnant women with abdominal obesity diagnosed before 12th week have higher mean serum leptin levels during pregnancy than those without abdominal obesity.

Circunferência abdominal avaliada antes da 12ª semana de gestação: correlação com níveis séricos de leptina / Waist circumference measured before the 12th week of pregnancy: correlation with serum leptin levels

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a correlação entre a circunferência abdominal materna, medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação, e os níveis séricos de leptina durante a gravidez, bem como, comparar os níveis médios de leptina entre gestantes com e sem obesidade abdominal, diagnosticada no início da gestação. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo incluindo 40 gestantes atendidas no pré-natal de baixo risco, superiores a 20 anos, não tabagistas, com gestação única, e sem doenças crônicas intercorrentes. A circunferência abdominal foi medida antes da 12ª semana, e os níveis séricos de leptina dosados entre a 9ª e a 12ª, a 25ª e a 28ª e entre a 34ª e a 37ª semanas de gestação. De acordo com a circunferência abdominal, a coorte foi dividida em dois grupos: com e sem obesidade abdominal. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e do χ² avaliaram as diferenças entre os grupos. A correlação de Pearson verificou a associação entre a circunferência abdominal e os níveis séricos de leptina durante a gestação. Considerou-se o valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A média do peso e do índice de massa corpórea das pacientes com obesidade abdominal (74,4±11,0 kg/28,99±4,1) foi maior do que naquelas sem obesidade abdominal (55,6±5,9 kg/21,1±2,40) (p=0,001). A média dos níveis séricos de leptina no grupo das gestantes com obesidade abdominal (41,9±3,5 ng/mL) foi superior ao grupo das pacientes sem obesidade abdominal (23,6±2,7 ng/mL) (p<0,0002). Verificou-se, também, correlação entre a medida da circunferência abdominal e a média dos níveis séricos de leptina (r=0,7; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A circunferência abdominal medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação é um método válido e simples para se predizer os níveis séricos de leptina durante todo o período gestacional. Gestantes com obesidade abdominal diagnosticada antes da 12ª semana apresentam níveis médios de leptina sérica, durante a gravidez, superiores àquelas sem obesidade abdominal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between maternal waist circumference measured before the 12th week of gestation and serum leptin levels during pregnancy, as well as to compare the leptin levels of women with and without abdominal obesity diagnosed in early pregnancy. METHODS: Prospective study including 40 pregnant women receiving low-risk prenatal care, older than 20 years, nonsmokers, with singleton pregnancies and without chronic disease. Waist circumference was measured before the 12th week and serum leptin levels were measured between the 9th and 12th, 25th and 28th and 34th and 37th weeks of gestation. According to waist circumference measurement, the cohort was divided into two groups: with and without abdominal obesity. The Mann-Whitney and χ² tests were used to assess the differences between groups. The Pearson correlation coeffient was used to assess the association between waist circumference and serum leptin levels during pregnancy. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean weight and body mass index of patients with abdominal obesity (74.4±11.0 kg/28.9±4.1) was higher than that of patients without abdominal obesity (55.6±5.9 kg/21.1±2.4) (p=0.001). The mean leptin levels in pregnant patients with abdominal obesity (41.9±3.5 ng/mL) was higher than in patients without abdominal obesity (23.6±2.7 ng/mL) (p<0.0002). A positive correlation was obtained between the waist circumference measured during the same period and the mean serum leptin levels (r=0.7; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference measured before the 12th week of pregnancy is a valid and simple method to predict the serum leptin levels throughout pregnancy. Pregnant women with abdominal obesity diagnosed before 12th week have higher mean serum leptin levels during pregnancy than those without abdominal obesity.

Effects of aqueous extract of Echinodorus grandiflorus on the immune response in ovalbumin-induced pulmonary allergy.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a disease characterized by intermittent obstruction of the airways and chronic inflammation that affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. The immune response in asthma is predominantly T(H)2, with high levels of total and allergen-specific IgE and bronchial eosinophilia. Asthma treatment is aimed at controlling the disease, and the drugs used currently have systemic adverse effects and generally are not effective in difficult-to-control cases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Echinodorus grandiflorus, a plant used in folk medicine for its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties, in a model of pulmonary allergy. METHODS: BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized and nasally challenged with ovalbumin. Aqueous extract and dexamethasone treatments (0.1 mL/d per mouse) were initiated on day 32 and concluded on day 40. Eight hours after the last challenge evaluations, of serum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissue were performed. RESULTS: Oral treatment with the extract markedly reduced the number of total cells and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. The eosinophil peroxidase activity in lung tissue, the levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE in serum, the levels of CCL11, and the gene expression of interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 in lung tissue were also lower after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the aqueous extract of E grandiflorus is able to modulate allergic pulmonary inflammation and may be useful as a potential therapeutic agent for asthma.

Effect of thalidomide and pentoxifylline on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is a classical experimental model of demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. EAE is widely accepted for study of immune-inflammatory mechanisms in the CNS related to multiple sclerosis (MS) due to similar clinical evolution. OBJECTIVES: In the present study we investigated the effects of Thalidomide and pentoxifylline during EAE development in Lewis rats. METHODS: EAE was induced in Lewis rats and treatment with Thalidomide or pentoxifylline was performed. Clinical evaluation was carried out daily. Histopathological analysis of the brain tissue and spinal cord was performed. Griess method was used for determination of NO serum levels. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma serum levels were investigated using ELISA method. RESULTS: Thalidomide and pentoxifylline treatment is associated with significant reduction of neuroinflammation in CNS. Serum levels of NO, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha showed a marked reduction. Such findings were correlated with improvement of clinical symptoms, particularly in thalidomide treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together the data suggested that thalidomide and pentoxifylline may be therapeutic options for the treatment of MS, however further experiments must be performed to investigate this hypothesis.

Thalidomide administration inhibits the clinical evolution of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in lewis rats: preliminar results

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Several immunomodulatory agents have been used to prevent MS acute exacerbations. Tumor Necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are two major inflammatory mediators. Recently, we investigated in our laboratory the therapeutic value of thalidomide, a recognized TNF-α inhibitor, for the treatment of MS using the classical Lewis rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE). The experimental study revealed that thalidomide reduces the incidence of EAE development in 90% of the cases. Hence we hypothesized that thalidomide may be an important therapeutical tool for prevention of acute exacerbations of the MS.