ABSTRACT
Nitrogen concentration is an essential parameter in cyanobacterial cultures to produce enriched biomass with biotechnological purposes. Growth and biochemical composition of Nostoc LAUN0015, Nostoc UAM206, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 were compared at 0, 4.25, 8.5 and 17 mM NaNO3. Cultures under laboratory conditions were maintained for 30 days at a volume of 500 mL. Anabaena sp.1 yielded the highest value of dry mass of 0.26 ± 2.49 mg mL-1 at 8.5 mM NaNO3. For chlorophyll, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, maximum values were achieved at 17 mM NaNO3 with 18.09 ± 1.74, 102.90 ± 6.73 and 53.47 ± 2.40 μg mL-1, respectively. Nostoc LAUN0015 produced its maximum value of protein 644.86 ± 19.77 μg mL-1, and 890 mg mL-1 of carbohydrates in the absence of nitrogen. This comparative study shows that the most efficient strain for the production of protein, carbohydrates and lipids in diazotrophic conditions corresponded to Nostoc LAUN0015. However, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 required high nitrogen concentrations to achieve higher values of metabolites, comparing with Nostoc strains. Nitrogen dependence for the production of pigments and high protein production in strains of Anabaena and in diazotrophic conditions for Nostoc was demonstrated. Nostoc can be cultured under nitrogen deficiency and Anabaena in sufficiency, for biomass production enriched with proteins and carbohydrates.
La concentración de nitrógeno constituye un parámetro esencial en cultivos de cianobacterias para la producción de biomasa enriquecida con fines biotecnológicos. Se comparó el crecimiento y composición bioquímica de las cepas Nostoc LAUN0015, Nostoc UAM206, Anabaena sp.1 y Anabaena sp.2 a 0, 4,25; 8,5 y 17 mM NaNO3. Los cultivos en condiciones de laboratorio fueron mantenidos durante 30 días a un volumen de 500 mL. En masa seca, Anabaena sp.1 obtuvo el mayor valor, con 2,49 ± 0,26 mg mL-1 a 8,5 mM NaNO3. Para clorofila, ficocianina y ficoeritrina, los máximos se alcanzaron a 17 mM NaNO3 en Anabaena sp.1, con 18,09 ± 1,74; 102,90 ± 6,73 y 53,47 ± 2,40 μg mL-1, respectivamente. Nostoc LAUN0015 produjo su máximo valor de proteínas de 644,86 ±19,77μg mL-1, y alrededor de 890 μg mL-1 de carbohidratos en ausencia de nitrógeno. El estudio comparativo indica que la cepa más eficiente para la producción de proteínas, carbohidratos y lípidos, en condiciones diazotróficas, correspondió a Nostoc LAUN0015. En cambio, las cepas de Anabaena sp.1 y sp.2 requieren de elevadas concentraciones de nitrógeno para alcanzar los mayores valores de metabolitos, respecto a las cepas de Nostoc. Se demuestra la dependencia de nitrógeno para la producción de los pigmentos y la alta producción proteica en las cepas de Anabaena y en condiciones diazotróficas para Nostoc. Esta última puede ser cultivada bajo una deficiencia de nitrógeno y Anabaena con suficiencia para la producción masiva de biomasa enriquecida con proteínas y carbohidratos.
ABSTRACT
Waste biomass was anaerobically converted to carboxylate salts by using a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms. Municipal solid waste (MSW) was the energy source (carbohydrates) and sewage sludge (SS) was the nutrient source (minerals, metals, and vitamins). Four fermentors were arranged in series and solids and liquids were transferred countercurrently in opposite directions, which allows both high conversions and high product concentrations. Fresh biomass was added to Fermentor 1 (highest carboxylic acid concentration) and fresh media was added to Fermentor 4 (most digested biomass). All fermentations were performed at 40 degrees C. Calcium carbonate was added to the fermentors to neutralize the acids to their corresponding carboxylate salts. Iodoform was used to inhibit methane production and urea was added as a nitrogen source. Product concentrations were up to 25 g/L, with productivities up to 1.4 g total acid/(L liquid d). Mass balances with closure between 93% and 105% were obtained for all systems. Continuum particle distribution modeling (CPDM) was applied to correlate batch fermentation data to countercurrent fermentation data and predict product concentration over a wide range of solids loading rates and residence times. CPDM for lime-treated MSW/SS fermentation system predicted the experimental total acid concentration and conversion within 4% and 16% respectively.
Subject(s)
Refuse Disposal/methods , Sewage/microbiology , Biodegradation, Environmental , Carboxylic Acids , Fermentation , Models, BiologicalABSTRACT
Municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) were combined and anaerobically converted into carboxylate salts by using a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms. MSW is an energy source and SS is a source of nutrients. In this study, MSW and SS were combined, so they complemented each other. Four fermentors were arranged in series for a countercurrent fermentation process. In this process, the solids and liquid were transferred in opposite directions, with the addition of fresh biomass to fermentor 1 and fresh liquid media to fermentor 4. An intermediate lime treatment of solids exiting fermentor 3 before entering fermentor 4 was applied to improve the product acid concentration from the untreated MSW/SS fermentations. All fermentations were performed under anaerobic conditions at 40 degrees C. Calcium carbonate was added to neutralize the carboxylic acids and to control the pH. Iodoform was used as a methanogen inhibitor. Carboxylic acid concentration and gas composition were determined by gas chromatography. Substrate conversion was measured by volatile solids loss, and carboxylic acid productivity was calculated as the function of the total carboxylic acids produced, the amount of liquid in all fermentors, and time. The addition of intermediate lime treatment increased product concentration and conversion by approx 30 and 15%, respectively. The highest carboxylic acid concentrations for untreated MSW/SS fermentations with and without intermediate lime treatment were 22.2 and 17.7 g of carboxylic acid/L of liquid, respectively. These results confirm that adding a treatment step between fermentor 3 and fermentor 4 will increase the digestibility and acid productivity of the fermentation.
Subject(s)
Anaerobiosis , Calcium Compounds/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/metabolism , Fermentation , Oxides/chemistry , Refuse Disposal/methods , Biomass , Countercurrent Distribution/methods , Environmental Microbiology , Refuse Disposal/instrumentation , Sewage/chemistryABSTRACT
This paper uses countercurrent fermentation to anaerobically convert paper fines and industrial biosludge to carboxylate salts using a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms. Using the MixAlco process, the carboxylate salts can be thermally converted to ketones and hydrogenated into mixed alcohol fuels. Continuum particle distribution modeling (CPDM) correlated batch fermentation data to countercurrent fermentation data, allowing the prediction of product concentrations and conversions over a wide range of solid loading rates and liquid residence times. For 80% paper/20% biosludge, the predicted product concentrations agreed with the data within 7.7%. The predicted conversion agreed with the actual conversion within 27.8%. By correcting for varying selectivity, the predicted conversion agreed with the actual conversions within 15.2%. For 40% paper/60% biosludge, the predicted product concentrations agreed with the data within 9.6%. The predicted conversion agreed with the actual conversion within 28.3%. By correcting for varying selectivity, the predicted conversion agreed with the actual conversions within 15.4%. For both the 80/20 and 40/60 cases, CPDM predicts that 90% conversion is possible with a 20 g/l product concentration, 300 g/l substrate concentration, 16 day liquid residence time, and 2.5 g/(ld) solids loading rate. Before proceeding to an industrial plant, these predictions must be verified in a pilot plant.
