ABSTRACT
Methoprene, an insect growth regulator, was evaluated under field conditions against the main malaria vectors in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The effect of 5, 10 and 20 kg ha(-1) concentration ofmethoprene granule formulation and 100 and 200 mL ha(-1) concentration of EC formulation was measured to determine any changes in Anophelini larval abundance and IE ratio in both rice fields and artificial ponds. In artificial ponds, granular methoprene at a dose of 20 kg ha(-1) inhibited adult emergence by 77.1% after 1 day and 65.9% after 3 days. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation of methoprene at 200 mL ha(-1) inhibited adult emergence by 83.7% after 1 day and 32.2% after 3 days. In rice fields, inhibition of emergence was 44.3% at 20 kg ha(-1) granule and 35.8% for emulsifiable concentrate at 200 mL ha(-1) after 3 days. The results vary depending on the mosquito species, treatment methods, breeding places and type of formulation.
Subject(s)
Culicidae/drug effects , Insect Vectors/metabolism , Malaria/prevention & control , Methoprene/pharmacology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Genetic Vectors , Insect Control , Insecticides/pharmacology , Iran , Juvenile HormonesABSTRACT
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, primarily an infection of desert rodents, is an important endemic disease in some parts of Iran. In spite of reporting Leishmania infection in Nesokia indica microscopically, its role remains unclear in Iran. We report the first natural infection by Leishmania turanica in a wild-caught N. indica in the west part of Iran, near the border with Iraq. The evidence is in the form of PCR-RFLP testing based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) rDNA with HaeIII enzyme and ITS1 sequence analysis. This isolate was highly pathogenic in BALB/c mice and golden hamsters and caused lethal systemic infection in the former.
Subject(s)
Leishmania/genetics , Animals , Cricetinae , DNA, Recombinant/genetics , Iran , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Mesocricetus , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Sequence Data , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Rats , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Between 1991-2000, Leishmania species were isolated and characterized by isoenzyme and molecular analysis from rodents caught in various parts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, parasites were observed by direct microscopy in smears from 18.6% of 566 specimens. L. major was isolated from 4 species: Rhombomys opimus, Meriones libycus, Tatera indica and Mer. hurrianae. L. turanica was isolated from R. opimus for the first time in this country. In endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, parasites were observed in liver and spleen from 13.7% of 504 rodents. Two species were positive on culture; promastigotes isolated from Mer. persicus were characterized as L. donovani zymodeme LON50 and from Mesocricetus auratus as L. infantum LON49.
Subject(s)
Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Rodent Diseases/parasitology , Zoonoses/parasitology , Animals , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Disease Vectors , Gerbillinae , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Leishmania/classification , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Liver/parasitology , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Rodent Diseases/epidemiology , Rodent Diseases/transmission , Spleen/parasitology , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Zoonoses/transmissionABSTRACT
Between 1991-2000, Leishmania species were isolated and characterized by isoenzyme and molecular analysis from rodents caught in various parts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, parasites were observed by direct microscopy in smears from 18.6% of 566 specimens. L. major was isolated from 4 species: Rhombomys opimus, Meriones libycus, Tatera indica and Mer. hurrianae. L. turanica was isolated from R. opimus for the first time in this country. In endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, parasites were observed in liver and spleen from 13.7% of 504 rodents. Two species were positive on culture; promastigotes isolated from Mer. persicus were characterized as L. donovani zymodeme LON50 and from Mesocricetus auratus as L. infantum LON49
