A content-quality and optimization analysis of YouTube as a source of patient information for bipolar disorder.

Background: The goal of this study was to identify and evaluate the use of Arabic YouTube videos on BD as a resource for patient education. Methods: A cross-sectional evaluation of YouTube videos as a source of information for patients with BD in Arabic was performed. The study was observational and, because it did not involve human subjects, it followed the STROBE guidelines whenever possible. The quality of the videos was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. The search strategy involved entering the term "bipolar disorder" in the YouTube search bar, and only YouTube videos in Arabic were included. Results: A total of 58 videos were included in this study after removing duplicates and videos unrelated to BD (Figure 1). The most common source of videos was others (38%), followed by physician (33%), educational (26%), and hospital (3%). Resources covering symptoms and prognosis were mostly in the "others" category (41%). The resources or videos that covered treatment options were mainly created by physicians (41%). However, resources or videos that included a personal story mainly belonged to the "others" category (67%). Conclusion: Visual health-related instructional resources still have a significant shortage. This study highlights the poor quality of videos about serious illnesses like BD. Evaluation and promotion of the creation of visual health-related educational resources should be the primary goal of future study.

Clinical pharmacists' knowledge, attitude, perception, and beliefs about the role of pharmacogenetic testing for genes polymorphisms when prescribing mercaptopurine.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding proteins involved in mercaptopurine metabolism can influence drug efficacy and safety. This study aims to assess clinical pharmacists' knowledge about mercaptopurine-related genes and their polymorphisms and investigate their attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs about the need for and importance of pharmacogenetic testing for mercaptopurine. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among oncology/hematology clinical pharmacists in Saudi Arabia using an online-questionnaire developed by experts in the field. The questionnaire consists of four-sections exploring clinical pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs about the importance of gene testing and genes polymorphism when prescribing mercaptopurine. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data in the study. Results: A total of 41 oncology/hematology clinical pharmacists responded to the survey invitation. Almost half of them had more than 10 years of work experience, but only 17 % of them received formal training in pharmacogenetics. The overall level of knowledge about pharmacogenetics among participants was low, with a mean score of 2.8 points (1.7) out of 8 items. However, around 76 % agreed that it is important to perform pharmacogenetic screening prior to prescribing mercaptopurine, and almost 93 % state that it will influence their dosage recommendation. Most of the participants had a good perception (95.1 %) of their role in genetic testing for medication selection, dosing, and monitoring; however, about 10 % of surveyed pharmacists reported not being completely responsible about recommending pharmacogenetic testing. The surveyed pharmacists had a good belief in the importance of pharmacogenetic testing and their overall attitude was positive toward the use of pharmacogenetic testing, with emphasis on the importance of training on the proper assessment and interpretation of pharmacogenetic tests. Conclusions: Pharmacists demonstrated good perception and positive attitude toward pharmacogenetic testing, despite the low level of knowledge and limited formal training. Thus, more attention to developing national guidelines on pharmacogenetic testing is warranted to ensure successful pharmacogenetic testing implementation.

Cost-consequence analysis of tocilizumab versus adalimumab and etanercept among rheumatoid arthritis patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-center study.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to examine the direct medical cost and impact of tocilizumab (TOZ) versus adalimumab (ADM) and etanercept (ETC) on reducing the levels of two inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using real-world data from Saudi Arabia. METHOD: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study in which data for biologic-naïve RA patients aged ≥ 18 years and treated with TOZ, ADM, ETC were retrieved from the electronic medical records (EMRs) of a university-affiliated tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients were followed up at least one year after the treatment initiation. Bottom-up microcosting was utilized to estimate the direct medical costs. Additionally, inverse probability treatment weighting and bootstrapping with 10,000 replications were conducted to generate 95% confidence levels for costs and the mean reductions in CRP and ESR levels. RESULTS: The number of patients who met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis was 150 patients (TOZ (n = 56), ADM (n = 41), ETC (n = 53)). Patients on TOZ had 3.96 mg/L (95% CI: -0.229-4.95) and 11.21 mm/hr (95% CI: 10.28-18.11) higher mean reductions in the CRP and ESR levels compared to their counterparts on ADM, ETC, respectively. However, this was associated with mean annual incremental costs of USD 10,087.88 (95% CI: 9494.50-11,441.63) in all cost-effectiveness bootstrap distributions. CONCLUSION: Tocilizumab has shown better effectiveness in reducing the levels of CRP and ESR but with higher costs. Future studies should examine whether the reduction of these two inflammatory markers is associated with quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gains.

The socioeconomic burden of spinal muscular atrophy in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional pilot study.

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare debilitating condition with a significant burden for patients and society. However, little is known about how it affects Saudi Arabia's population. The socioeconomic and medical characteristics of affected SMA patients and their caregivers are lacking. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the socioeconomic and medical characteristics of SMA patients and caregivers in Saudi Arabia. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted using snowball sampling. Assessment tools including EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) and visual analog scale (EQ-VAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Costs for Patients Questionnaire (CoPaQ) were used to assess the quality of life (QoL), anxiety, depression, and out-of-pocket expenditures. Results: Sixty-four caregivers of SMA patients participated. Type I patients had higher sibling concordance, ICU hospitalization, and mechanical support needs. Type III patients had better QoL. Type I patients' caregivers had higher depression scores. Type III patients' caregivers had higher out-of-pocket expenditures. Forty-eight percent received supportive care, while others received SMA approved therapies. Conclusion: SMA imposes a significant socioeconomic burden on patients and caregivers, requiring more attention from the healthcare system. Access to innovative therapies varied across SMA types. Pre-marital screening and early detection are crucial to reduce disease incidence and ensure timely treatment.

Public awareness of online pharmacies, consumers' motivating factors, experience and satisfaction with online pharmacy services, and current barriers and motivators for non-consumers: The case of Saudi Arabia.

Purpose: Online pharmacies (OPs) represent a growing field that plays a major role in providing pharmaceutical services in Saudi Arabia (SA). Thus, investigating public awareness of this option and assessing consumers' experiences and satisfaction, as well as opportunities and barriers for OPs, were the main aims of this study. Participants and methods: In this cross-sectional study, adult participants (≥18 years) in SA completed a three-part, custom-designed online questionnaire. The first section collected information on participants' demographic characteristics, their awareness of the existence of OPs, and history of OP purchases. The second section explores customer satisfaction levels and motivating factors. Finally, the third section investigated non-consumers' reasons for not purchasing from OPs and sought information about services that could motivate them to make future purchase decisions. Results: In total, 487 participants completed the questionnaire; they were mostly female (65.7%) and younger than 40 years (57.1%). Among all the respondents, 89.3% were aware of the existence of OPs, and 60.2% purchased from OPs in the past. Most were satisfied with the product quality (92.7%), completeness of order delivery (91.2%), and condition of the product and packaging (89.3%). Furthermore, 99.2% of respondents indicated that they would continue to purchase from OPs. Customers' main motivational factors included saving time (85.5%), offers and discounts (83.6%), and variety of products (82.1%). Among non-consumers, the main reasons for not purchasing from OPs included a personal preference to visit a community pharmacy (87.2%), the ability to talk to pharmacists directly (83.6%), and the vicinity of a pharmacy (80.0%). Conclusions: These findings confirm the increasing level of awareness regarding the existence of OPs in SA. Overall, OP customers expressed satisfaction with the services provided. Nevertheless, various areas of improvement have emerged, such as improved delivery time and providing medical consultation services. Increasing public awareness of OP services provided is essential considering their significant role in reforming the healthcare system in SA.

Quality of Life, Fatigue, and Physical Symptoms Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.

The magnitude of post-COVID-19 syndrome was not thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated the quality of life and persistence of fatigue and physical symptoms of individuals post-COVID-19 compared with noninfected controls. The study included 965 participants; 400 had previous COVID-19 disease and 565 controls without COVID-19. The questionnaire collected data on comorbidities, COVID-19 vaccination, general health questions, and physical symptoms, in addition to validated measures of quality of life (SF-36 scale), fatigue (fatigue severity scale, FSS), and dyspnea grade. COVID-19 participants complained more frequently of weakness, muscle pain, respiratory symptoms, voice disorders, imbalance, taste and smell loss, and menstrual problems compared to the controls. Joint symptoms, tingling, numbness, hypo/hypertension, sexual dysfunction, headache, bowel, urinary, cardiac, and visual symptoms did not differ between groups. Dyspnea grade II-IV did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.116). COVID-19 patients scored lower on the SF-36 domains of role physical (p = 0.045), vitality (p < 0.001), reported health changes (p < 0.001), and mental-components summary (p = 0.014). FSS scores were significantly higher in COVID-19 participants (3 (1.8-4.3) vs. 2.6 (1.4-4); p < 0.001). COVID-19 effects could persist beyond the acute infection phase. These effects include changes in quality of life, fatigue, and persistence of physical symptoms.

Health-related quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis on tocilizumab, adalimumab, and etanercept in Saudi Arabia: a single-center cross-sectional study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on tocilizumab versus other commonly used monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (e.g., adalimumab and etanercept). Methods: This was an interview-based cross-sectional study. Adult RA patients (≥18 years) with a disease duration of at least 1 year were included in the study. The Arabic version of EUROQOL (EQ-5D-5L) was used to assess the QOL of RA patients on mAbs. Multiple linear regression was conducted to examine the impact of tocilizumab versus other mAbs on the visual analog scale (VAS) score controlling for age, disease duration, treatment duration, gender, number of comorbidities, and the use of steroids. Results: The number of patients who met the inclusion criteria and consented to be interviewed was 105 patients (tocilizumab (n = 37), adalimumab (n = 31), and etanercept (n = 37)). No significant differences in the scores of the five EQ-5D-5L domains across different mAbs was found. Although the VAS score of patients on tocilizumab was numerically higher compared to their counterparts on adalimumab or etanercept (69.19 vs. 62.79) this was not statistically significant controlling for age, gender, disease and treatment durations, number of comorbidities, and the utilization of steroids (ß = 4.26, 95% CI: [-8.84-17.36], p = 0.52). Conclusion: The use of tocilizumab did not seem to result in better QOL among RA patients. Future studies with larger sample sizes and more robust designs should be conducted to confirm or refute these findings.

A study of the role of DIO1 and DIO2 polymorphism in thyroid cancer and drug response to therapy in the Saudi population.

BACKGROUND: Deiodinases comprise a group of selenoproteins that regulate the bioavailability of active thyroid hormones (TH) in a time and tissue specific fashion. They increase the hormonal activity by metabolizing their inactive precursors to active forms or terminate their activity by deactivating active hormones. The role of the deiodinase (DIO) gene polymorphisms in thyroid cancer is not fully understood yet. This study evaluated the potential association of the DIO1 and DIO2 genes with differentiated thyroid cancer and differential thyroxine dose requirement in thyroidectomized patients in a Saudi cohort. METHODS: We selected four variants (one DIO1 and three DIO2) for the association studies using Taqman assays in 507 DTC patients undergoing treatment with thyroxin against 560 disease-free individual, all of Saudi Arab origin. RESULTS: None of the studied variants was linked to differentiated thyroid cancer. The rs1388378_G > T was initially linked to thyroxine dose requirement (p = 0.035) when all patients were considered together, but this association was lost when the patients were classified into either near suppressed (0.1 ≤ TSH < 0.5) or suppressed (TSH < 0.1) TSH group. DISCUSSION: Although the results suggest only a weak relationship with differentiated thyroid cancer, they strongly indicate that the DIO2 polymorphism influences the hormonal dose requirement in patients undergoing treatment with thyroxine. This probably points to a distinction in the way this gene influences disease as compared to therapy thereof.

UPLC-MS/MS study of the effect of dandelion root extract on the plasma levels of the selected irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib, imatinib and nilotinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interactions.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments for chronic myeloid leukaemia based on nilotinib (NIL), dasatinib (DAS) and imatinib (IMA) have improved patient quality of life and have turned chronic myeloid leukemia from a fatal disease into a chronic disease. Dandelion is a rich source of phenolic compounds with strong biological properties, and the effects of using this plant in the treatment of different illnesses can be linked to the presence of various polyphenols found in the different parts of the plant. Thus, dandelion can potentially be used as a nutraceutical (dietary antioxidant) to prevent different disorders associated with oxidative stress, i.e. cardiovascular disorders, cancer and inflammatory processes. Mutual interference between a drug and a food constituent may result in altered pharmacokinetics of the drug and undesired or even dangerous clinical situations. In the present study, a bioanalytical ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of DAS, IMA and NIL in rat plasma. Sample preparation was carried out using solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges with a good extraction recovery of ≥94.37% for the three drugs. The method was fully validated as per the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines.

The role of CDKN2B in cardiovascular risk in ethnic Saudi Arabs: A validation study.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have yielded a wealth of information furnishing support for the variability in genetic predisposition to disease. However, the actual impact of such findings on any particular ethnic population needs to be validated through replication studies. In the present study, we verified recent findings of a GWAS demonstrating a strong association for the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B (CDKN2B) genomic region with coronary artery disease (CAD)/myocardial infarction (MI) in ethnic Saudi Arabs. METHODOLOGY: We genotyped 8 CDKN2B SNPs for cardiovascular risk in 4650 Saudi Arabs, comprising 2429 CAD cases (1860 males; 569 female) and 2221 controls (1189 male; 1032 female) by Taqman assay. RESULTS: Four SNPs, rs4977574_A [0.56(0.50-0.63); p < 0.0001], rs10757274_A [0.87(0.77-0.97); p = 0.014], rs10738607_A [0.89(0.80-1.00); p = 0.043] and rs1333045_T [0.54(0.48-0.61); p < 0.0001] residing on the CDKN2B gene were significantly associated with CAD following multivariate adjustments for MI, HTN and DM, while four others were weakly associated with the disease. Likewise, three SNPs, rs1412829_G [0.84(0.72-0.97); p = 0.019], rs564398_C [0.81(0.70-0.94); p = 0.006], rs4977756_G [0.87(0.76-0.99); p = 0.036] were significantly associated with MI after multivariate adjustments for CAD, HTN and DM, while the other five displayed borderline associations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strongly support the notion of a critical role for the CDKN2B gene locus as a cardiovascular risk in ethnic Arabs. The study also demonstrates the importance of replication studies in ascertaining the role of a genomic sequence in disease.

Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of dasatinib in plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic interaction studies with nutraceuticals in Wistar rats.

Dasatinib (DAS) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and in the management of ulcerative colitis (UC). Since some nutraceuticals (e.g. curcumin, olive oil, and cocoa extract) could alter the function of ABC transporters and /or CYP450 enzymes, DAS bioavailability could potentially be affected following their co-administration. This work aims at studying the possibility of PK interaction between DAS and the selected nutraceuticals in UC rats using UPLC- MS/MS. Chromatographic analysis was carried out using BEH C 18 column (Waters) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 50% aqueous methanol, 65:35, v/v, each with 0.1% formic acid and using erlotinib (ERL) as an internal standard (IS). DAS quantitation was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with positive ionization of the transitions at m/z 488.03 > 400.92 (DAS), and m/z 394.29 > 278.19 (ERL). Method validation was assessed as per the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods for DAS determination within the concentration range 1-500 ng/mL. No significant effect on the oral bioavailability of DAS was reported with any of the studied nutraceuticals. Thus, the concomitant administration of these nutraceuticals with DAS could be considered safe with a necessity to perform more detailed clinical investigations.

Interventions for improving pharmacist-led patient counselling in the community setting: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacist counselling is an important service that has been associated with improved outcomes. The primary aim of this review was to identify, describe, and determine the effectiveness of interventions for improving the counselling practice of community pharmacists. METHODS: We searched PubMed (from January 1990 to June 2017) and the Cochrane Library (June 2017). To supplement our database searches, we searched Google Scholar for papers that cited the identified studies. We included only studies that reported the impact of the intervention on pharmacists' behaviour during counselling. We searched for data from studies with randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before-after studies, or interrupted time series study designs. Parameters including selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, and attrition bias were assessed. The data were narratively synthesised. RESULTS: We screened 2335 abstracts and 59 full-text articles and included 17 RCTs. Overall, three studies were determined to have a high risk of bias, and 14 studies were determined to have an unclear risk of bias. Fifteen studies investigated multifaceted interventions that included two or more components. The most commonly used interventions were educational meetings (n = 14), educational materials (n = 9), educational outreach visits (n = 5), feedback (n = 5), guidelines (n = 5), and local opinion leaders (n = 2). Outcomes were measured using simulated patient visits (n = 10), and the self-reported outcomes of patient or pharmacists (n = 6). Most of the included studies (n = 11) reported some degree of improvement in counselling practices. CONCLUSIONS: The included studies showed that educational meetings combined with educational materials, outreach visits, and feedback can improve pharmacist counselling in community settings. However, the unclear risk of bias and poor quality of reporting intervention components necessitate caution in interpreting the findings. Recommendations for future studies based on the evidence gap identified in this review are presented.

Readability of written medicine information materials in Arabic language: expert and consumer evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Written Medicine Information (WMI) is one of the sources that patients use to obtain information concerning medicine. This paper aims to assess the readability of two types of WMIs in Arabic language based on vocabulary use and sentence structure using a panel of experts and consumers. METHODS: This is a descriptive study. Two different types of materials, including the online text from King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Arabic Health Encyclopaedia (KAAHE) and medication leaflets submitted by the manufacturers to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) were evaluated. We selected a group of sentences from each WMI. The readability was assessed by experts (n = 5) and consumers (n = 5). The sentence readability of each measured using a specific criteria and rated as 1 = easy, 2 = intermediate, or 3 = difficult. RESULTS: A total of 4476 sentences (SFDA 2231; KAHEE 2245) extracted from websites or patient information leaflets on 50 medications and evaluated. The majority of the vocabulary and sentence structure was considered easy by both expert (SFDA: 68%; KAAHE: 76%) and consumer (SFDA: 76%; KAAHE: 84%) groups. The sentences with difficult or intermediate vocabulary and sentence structure are derived primarily from the precautions and side effects sections. CONCLUSIONS: The SFDA and KAAHE WMIs are easy to read and understand as judged by our study sample. However; there is room for improvement, especially in sections related to the side effects and precautions.

The extent of use of online pharmacies in Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE: Online pharmacies sell medicine over the Internet and deliver them by mail. The main objective of this study is to explore the extent of use of online pharmacies in Saudi Arabia which will be useful for the scientific community and regulators. METHODS: An Arabic survey questionnaire was developed for this study. The questionnaire was distributed via email and social media. Four sections were created to cover the objectives: experience with online shopping in general, demographics, awareness of the existence and customer experiences of buying medicine online, and reasons for buying/not buying medicine online. RESULTS: A total of 633 responses were collected. Around 69% (437) of them were female and the majority (256, 40.4%) was in the age range 26-40. Only 23.1% (146) were aware of the existence of online pharmacies where 2.7% (17) of them had bought a medicine over the Internet and 15 (88.2%) respondents out of the 17 was satisfied with the process. Lack of awareness of the availability of such services was the main reason for not buying medicines online. Many respondents (263, 42.7%) were willing to try an online pharmacy, although majorities (243, 45.9%) were unable to differentiate between legal and illegal online pharmacies. The largest categories of products respondents were willing to buy them online were nonprescription medicines and cosmetics. CONCLUSION: The popularity of purchasing medicines over the Internet is still low in Saudi Arabia. However, because the majority of respondents are willing to purchase medicines online, efforts should be made by the Saudi FDA to set regulations and monitor this activity.

Counselling practices in community pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists play a crucial role in optimising medication use and improving patient outcomes, whilst preventing medication misuse and reducing costs. Evidence suggests that pharmacists counselling improves clinical outcomes, quality of life, drug and disease knowledge and reduces health service utilisation. This study aims to investigate the counselling practices of community pharmacists in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: The study consisted of two parts: simulated patients (SPs) visits to observe actual counselling practices, and a cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists to assess their reported counselling practices. In the SPs method, there were four scenarios involving four medications. Scenarios 1 and 2 concerned drug-drug interactions, scenario 3 concerned the proper time of administration, and scenario 4 concerned side effects. The simulated visits were conducted between April and May 2012. A four-sections questionnaire was distributed in the same period. RESULTS: We conducted 161 simulated visits. Out of the 161 visits a medicine was dispensed in 150 visits. When SPs requested medications, pharmacists asked questions during 15 visits (10.0%), provided information during 7 visits (4.6%), and both asked questions and provided information, i.e. provided counselling, during 4 visits (2.6%). When the SPs started to be inquisitive and demanded information, pharmacists asked SPs questions during 71 visits (47.3%), provided information during 150 visits (100%), and both asked questions and provided information, i.e. provided counselling, during 65 visits (43.3%). Information regarding dose was the most common type of information provided in 146 visits (97.3%). After the SPs started to be inquisitive and probed for information, only 10% were counselled on precautions. In the cross-sectional survey, four hundred pharmacists were approached and 350 agreed to participate in the questionnaire (87% response rate). Of the respondents, 223 (63.7%) reported that they usually or always tell the patient about the purpose of medicines or the diagnosis, 302 (86.2%) reported that they usually or always give patient information on how to use or apply the medicine; 299 (85.3%) said they were satisfied with their counselling practices. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the current deficiencies in appropriate dispensing practices and medication counselling at community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. Policy makers, stakeholders, and researchers should collaborate to design interventions to improve the current dispensing practices at community pharmacies across the country.

Clozapine-induced blood dyscrasias in Saudi Arab patients.

BACKGROUND: Clozapine has shown superior efficacy over other antipsychotics. However, its use is complicated by the development of life-threatening hematologic adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: This paper reports the incidence of clozapine-induced hematologic toxicity in Saudi Arab patients. SETTING: King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Medical data of Saudi Arab hospitalized patients receiving clozapine was retrospectively reviewed during the period between August 2009 and August 2012. White blood cell (WBC) counts and differentials were recorded in a specific form to watch for any hematologic toxicity. The hematologic toxicities included in this report are: eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia, and agranulocytosis/neutropenia/leukopenia combined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Complete WBC count. RESULTS: During the study period 147 charts were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 38 ± 11.42 years and 52 % were males. During the study period 61 patients (42 %) developed 82 blood dyscrasias. Sixteen patients (10.9 %) developed agranulocytosis, neutropenia and leukopenia combined, while nineteen patients (12.9 %) developed lymphocytopenia, and seven patients (4.8 %) developed thrombocytopenia. Eosinophilia developed in 40 patients (27.2 %). During the first 18 weeks of therapy with clozapine, 21 (26 %) hematologic side effects were developed. CONCLUSION: The data collected in this study does appear to indicate there may be an increased incidence of blood dyscrasias in Saudi Arabs which warrants further, more detailed, study. It would be of concern to psychiatric clinicians if the case of a genetic predisposition to clozapine-induced blood dyscrasias were proven in the future.

Appropriateness of anemia management in hemodialysis patients.

UNLABELLED: The anemia of end stage renal disease (ESRD) is common and often severe complication that can be managed successfully by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) administration. AIMS: To investigate current practice of anemia management in hemodialysis patients and to assess the appropriateness of anemia management by comparing observed practice to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guideline recommendations. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was conducted at two hemodialysis centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data on anemia parameters, comorbidities, ESA dosing and iron supplementation were collected. The data were collected for 7 months retrospectively from April to the end of May 2008 and prospectively from June to October 2008. Patients who were over 18 years of age with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis were included. Patients were excluded if they have cancer or receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy. RESULTS: Data were collected from 87 patients. Mean Hgb value for those patients was 11.16 ± 0.97 g/dL. Thirty-nine patients (45%) had mean Hgb values between 11.0 and 12.0 g/dL the target range recommended by KDOQI guideline. The mean weekly prescribed dose of erythropoietin was 8099 ± 5946 IU/Week (135 ± 99 IU/kg/Week). Information on ferritin concentrations was available for 48 (55%) patients. The mean serum ferritin concentration for those patients was 693 ± 420.5 ng/mL. Fifty-two patients had transferrin saturation (TSAT) values recorded. The mean TSAT value was 38.5 ± 19.7%. CONCLUSIONS: There is an opportunity to improve anemia management in hemodialysis patients particularly thorough evaluation of causes of inadequate response rate and better monitoring and management of iron status.

The utilization of Arabic online drug information among adults in Saudi Arabia.

In Saudi Arabia, the utilization of the world wide web has become increasingly popular. However, the exact figure of such use is unknown. This study aimed to determine the percentage of, and experience with, online Arabic drug information by Arabic-speaking adults in Saudi Arabia. A web based questionnaire was used. The questionnaire language was Arabic. Public were invited to participate in the survey through e-mails, Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook in March 2012. The survey included 17 items examining the types of accessed Arabic drug information, the respondent's demographics, their ability to easily find and understand Arabic drug-related information, and their trustfulness and dependency on such information websites. Of the 422 Arabic speaking adults who answered the questionnaire, 88% stated that they used Arabic websites to answer drug-related questions. Of the respondents, 50% had a bachelor's degree, 44% were young adults, over half were female (60%), and 72% of them have a chronic disease. The ease of retrieving online information was the most common reason (69%) for consulting such websites. Google as a search engine was the most frequently (86%) accessible website. Although respondents reported different drug-related topics in their online searching, the search for adverse effects was the most common (68%). Respondents claimed that they could easily find (65%) and understand (49%) the drug-related information. Although a good number of respondents qualified this type of information as good, double-checking of information on other websites was highly recommended. Trustfulness was one of the important parameters to measure and 205 respondents (55%) claimed that they only trusted half of the information cited. Moreover, around 48% of respondents considered that finding the same information on more than one website increased its trustfulness. Surprisingly, 54% of respondents did not depend on Arabic information websites when making decisions on drug use. There are a high proportion of Arabic speaking people in Saudi Arabia using and consulting Arabic drug information websites. This information is easily found and understood. However, the quality and trustfulness of such websites are not high enough to depend on them. A qualified Arabic drug information website is important to meet this need.