ABSTRACT
Background: Few studies have studied burnout among dental students worldwide, and no such study is available from Saudi Arabia. In addition, an Arabic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) has not yet been validated for use among students. Objectives: This study aimed to translate and validate an Arabic version of the MBI-SS questionnaire and to examine the psychometric properties of burnout among dental college students at a university in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire study included all dental students at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, and was conducted between December 2019 and January 2020. After the MBI-SS questionnaire was translated, its face validity was determined and the test-retest reliability was assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed following the full-scale study to validate the Arabic MBI-SS. Results: A total of 433 dental students responded in the full-scale study (mean age: 21.9 ± 1.6 years). Emotional exhaustion was present in 32.3% (95% confidence interval: 28%-36.9%), cynicism in 33.7% (29.3%-38.4%), and poor academic efficacy in 34.2% (29.8%-38.9%) of the dental students. Emotional exhaustion and cynicism were significantly associated with academic level, a history of medication due to academic stress, and thoughts of quitting the course (for all, P < 0.05). The reliability of MBI-SS was found to be adequate for all three subscales: Emotional exhaustion, Cronbach's α = 0.827; cynicism, α = 0.855; academic efficacy, α = 0.704. Conclusions: All three subscales of burnout were highly prevalent in the study cohort. The Arabic version of the MBI-SS inventory was shown to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the psychometric properties of burnout among dental students, and its use may aid in identifying burnout in the early stages.
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the potential testicular toxicity induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Sprague Dawley rate. The protocol study was designed as follows: G1: 30 adult male rats were kept as control. G2: 30 adult male rats were administered 5.36 mg/kg of AgNPs orally, twice weekly for six months. G3: 30 adult male rats were administered 13.4 mg/kg of AgNPs orally, twice weekly for six months. The results of hormonal assay revealed that a significant decrease in testosterone level while a significant increase in LH level was obtained. The testicular homogenate showed a significant decrease in SOD activity accompanied by a significant increase in MDA level in both G2 and G3 in comparison with the control in a dose-response relationship. Sperm viability indicates a significant decrease in rats in G2 and G3 groups. A significant decrease in DNA chromatin integrity % was obtained in rats of G3 in comparison with G2 and control. The semithin and TEM sections of the testis of G2 and G3 groups showed Sertoli cells have vacuolations with a disturbance in the arrangement and the staining affinity of spermatogenic cells. The spermatogonia appeared with a moderate electron density of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The acrosome and its cap become oval and light electron dens of spermatid cells.
