Development of machine learning models for detection of vision threatening Behçet's disease (BD) using Egyptian College of Rheumatology (ECR)-BD cohort.

BACKGROUND: Eye lesions, occur in nearly half of patients with Behçet's Disease (BD), can lead to irreversible damage and vision loss; however, limited studies are available on identifying risk factors for the development of vision-threatening BD (VTBD). Using an Egyptian college of rheumatology (ECR)-BD, a national cohort of BD patients, we examined the performance of machine-learning (ML) models in predicting VTBD compared to logistic regression (LR) analysis. We identified the risk factors for the development of VTBD. METHODS: Patients with complete ocular data were included. VTBD was determined by the presence of any retinal disease, optic nerve involvement, or occurrence of blindness. Various ML-models were developed and examined for VTBD prediction. The Shapley additive explanation value was used for the interpretability of the predictors. RESULTS: A total of 1094 BD patients [71.5% were men, mean ± SD age 36.1 ± 10 years] were included. 549 (50.2%) individuals had VTBD. Extreme Gradient Boosting was the best-performing ML model (AUROC 0.85, 95% CI 0.81, 0.90) compared with logistic regression (AUROC 0.64, 95%CI 0.58, 0.71). Higher disease activity, thrombocytosis, ever smoking, and daily steroid dose were the top factors associated with VTBD. CONCLUSIONS: Using information obtained in the clinical settings, the Extreme Gradient Boosting identified patients at higher risk of VTBD better than the conventional statistical method. Further longitudinal studies to evaluate the clinical utility of the proposed prediction model are needed.

Metabolic Syndrome in Behçets Disease Patients: Keep an Eye on the Eye.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood pressure/ sugar, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Whether MetS and its components affect the development of Behçet's Disease (BD) remains unclear. AIMS: The aim was to determine the frequency of MetS among BD patients and to study its relationship with disease characteristics. METHODS: The study included 1028 adult BD patients recruited from 18 specialized rheumatology centers. 51 healthy matched control were considered. Behçet Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF) and the BD damage index (BDI) were estimated. Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria were used to define MetS. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 36.8 ± 10.1 years, M:F 2.7:1 and disease duration 7.01 ± 5.2 years. Their mean BDCAF was 5.1 ± 4.6 and BDI 5.5 ± 2.8. MetS was present in 22.8% of patients and in 5.9% of control (3.9 fold higher-risk). Patients with MetS had a significantly increased age at onset (31.8 ± 9.2 vs. 29 ± 8.5 years) and higher frequency of genital ulcers (96.2% vs. 79.7%), skin involvement (73.1% vs. 50.4%), arthritis (48.3% vs. 29.1%) (p<0.0001) and CNS manifestations (18.8% vs. 13%) (p=0.042) compared to those without it. Eye involvement was significantly increased in those with MetS (82.1% vs. 74.2%) (p=0.003) with increased frequency of posterior uveitis (67.1% vs. 43.5%), retinal vessel occlusion (35.9% vs. 21.3%), retinal vasculitis (41.9% vs. 26.4%) (p<0.0001) and vitritis (37.2% vs. 24%) (p=0.001). BDCAF was significantly lower (3.9 ± 4.3 vs. 5.6 ± 4.6) and BDI higher (7.4 ± 2.7vs5 ± 2.6) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: BD patients with MetS are predisposed to mucocutaneous, musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric and ocular manifestations with consequently increased damage. The involvement of the deeper structures of the eye should alarm rheumatologists to keep in mind that all patients should have an eye examination, especially those with MetS.

Systemic lupus erythematosus children in Egypt: Homeland spectrum amid the global situation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to present the manifestations of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) across Egypt, to focus on age at onset and gender-driven influence on disease characteristics, and to compare findings to other countries. METHODS: The study included 404 Egyptian children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting to one of the specialized rheumatology centers corresponding to 13 major governorates. Juvenile cases age was ≤ 16°years at the time of recruitment. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and damage index (DI) were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 13.2 ± 2.4°years; 355 females and 49 males (7.2:1), and the disease duration was 2.3 ± 1.6 years, while age at disease onset was 11.1 ± 2.5°years. Their SLEDAI was 13.5 ± 12.3, and DI, 0.36 ± 0.78. The overall estimated prevalence of childhood-SLE patients in the recruited cohort in Egypt was 1/100,000 population (0.24/100000 males and 1.8/100000 females). 7.4% developed pre-pubertal SLE (≤ 7 years); 73.3%, peri-pubertal; and 19.3% during early adolescence. The differences according to age group were equal for gender and clinical manifestations except skin lesions present in 59.3% of pre-pubertal onset, 74.6% of peri-pubertal, and 84.2% of adolescents (p = 0.029), and renal involvement in 73.8% of peripubertal, 62.1% of pre-pubertal and 58.9% of adolescents (p = 0.03). Laboratory investigations, SLEDAI, and DI were similar among age categories. Lupus nephritis was more common in Egypt compared to JSLE from other countries. CONCLUSION: Our large multicenter study identified that female gender influenced disease characteristics with more frequent skin involvement. Skin lesions were significantly higher in adolescents, while renal involvement in peri-pubertal children.

Development and validation of a Behçet's Disease Damage Index for adults with BD: An Explicit, Composite and Rated (ECR) tool.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic multisystem variable vessel vasculitis. Disease damage is irreversible and permanent. Validated tools evaluating damage are limited. Enhancements in the clinical treatment of vasculitis will take place from the development of refined and exclusive indices for individual vasculitic syndromes including BD and attempting their international validation. OBJECTIVES: This aim was to develop and validate a simple BD Damage Index (BDI). METHODS: This was a nationwide study including 1252 BD patients. The work consisted of 3 stages. Stage 1: items generation for score content. Stage 2: items selection for the draft score was performed by an expert rheumatologist. Stage 3: the content validity of the draft score was assessed and BDI, Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI), Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated Vasculitis Index of Damage (AVID) and Combined Damage Assessment Index (CDAI) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: The mean age of the BD patients was 36.1 ± 9.9 years. Stages 1 and 2 resulted in a BDI instrument containing 73 items with a maximum score of 100. Stage 3, the VDI, CDAI, AVID, and BDI were 2.9 ± 2.2, 3.1 ± 2.3, 3.1 ± 2.3 and 5.1 ± 2.9, respectively. High correlations (r = .9) between comparable damage scores assured acceptable concurrent validity. CONCLUSION: The proposed BDI represents a new robust and potentially useful tool when dealing with BD chronic status.

Correction to: Behçet's disease in Egypt: a multicenter nationwide study on 1526 adult patients and review of the literature.

The author wishes to correct the record and clarify that in the original version of this article in the Discussion section under "Prevalence over the country governorates" inadvertently presented incorrect data cited in the reference [30].

Behçet's disease in Egypt: a multicenter nationwide study on 1526 adult patients and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The present work was conducted to estimate the prevalence of adult Behçet's disease (BD) in adult Egyptian and to study the clinical pattern and influence of age at-onset and sex on disease phenotype. Also, we investigated the spectrum of presentation and frequencies along the north-to-south gradient of the country. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The population-based, multicenter, cross-sectional study included 1526 adult BD patients from 26 specialized Egyptian rheumatology centers. Demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data are assessed for all patients. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 35.7 ± 9.84 years, disease duration 6.58 ± 5.25 years, and age at onset 29.37 ± 8.6 years; 91 were juvenile-onset (JoBD). There were 1102 males and 424 females (M:F 2.6:1). Regarding co-morbidities, 19.92% were diabetic, and 26.05% were hypertensive. The mean body mass index was 27.57 ± 5.24 (43.1% overweight; 25.9% obese). The mean BD current activity form was 4.48 ± 4.28. Regarding the medications use, systemic steroid and colchicine were the most common drugs used (947 (90.2%) and 611 (82.7%), respectively). The overall estimated prevalence of BD in Egypt was 3.6/100,000 population being highest in the two main cities: Alexandria (15.27) and Cairo (8.72). Pathergy test was positive in 43.4%. 90.2% were receiving systemic steroids and 8.3%, biologics. Disease characteristics were comparable between JoBD and adult-onset BD cases. Central nervous system (CNS), deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and gastrointestinal (GIT) involvement were significantly higher in males (p = 0.01, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001 respectively) while joint affection (p = 0.001) and disease activity (p = 0.011) were increased in females. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides current prevalence of BD in Egypt; 3.6/100,000 with no remarkable north-to-south gradient. The sex influences the disease phenotype with the CNS, DVT, and GIT involvement are higher in males, while the joint affection and disease activity were increased in females. KEY POINTS: • The prevalence and phenotype of Behçet's disease across Egypt is presented in a multicenter nationwide study. • The potential influence of the age at onset and sex on disease phenotype is highlightened. • A review of the literature worldwide is presented allowing comparisons with studies from other nations.

Genetic influence of growth and differentiation factor 5 gene polymorphism (+104T/C) on the development of knee osteoarthritis and its association with disease severity.

OBJECTIVE: The growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) gene is recognized for its role in the development, repair, and maintenance of cartilage and bone. The present case-control study was conducted to detect the genetic association between GDF5 (+104T/C) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA), as well as the possible association of SNP with the severity of KOA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 50 patients with primary KOA and 50 healthy control subjects. The severity of the disease was assessed by using the Kellgren-Laurence (K-L) grading system and aided by the Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and tenderness score. The genetic association of the SNP with primary KOA was assessed by means of the TaqMan® allelic discrimination technique. RESULTS: The radiological assessment of patients according to the K-L grading system revealed a statistically significant association between the wild-type (TT) genotype and disease severity in both the right and left knees (p=0.049). The frequency distribution of patients with VAS score ≤6 was significantly higher in patients carrying the TT genotype (p=0.005) as compared to the CT and CC genotypes. The mean WOMAC score was significantly higher in patients carrying the TT genotype as compared to patients carrying the CC and CT genotypes (p=0.017). No statistically significant association was detected on comparing the frequency distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP in patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study revealed a possible genetic association between GDF5 (+104T/C) SNP and the severity of KOA, which might be of benefit for the detection of patients with a high risk for disease progression. The present study did not detect an association between the SNP and development of KOA.