ABSTRACT
Isolated polynuclear binary heterocyclic compounds containing thiazole building block combined with benzofuran, pyrrole, thiazole, or thiophene via carboxamide and/or secondary amine as a junction are presented. The synthetic strategy of those is based on utilization of 2-chloroacetamido-4-phenylthiazole in the synthesis of binary heterocyclic compounds by cyclocondensation with salicylic aldehyde, acetonitrile derivatives, ammonium thiocyanate, 3-mercaptoacrylonitrile derivatives, and/or 3-mercaptoacrylate derivatives. The prepared binary thiazole-based heterocycles have been studied as protease (Mpro) inhibitors by molecular docking for visualization of their orientation and interactions with COVID-19 units using hydroxychloroquine as a reference molecule.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study examined the feasibility of screening hearing loss in rural and urban schools in Egypt, and investigated the prevalence and causes of hearing impairment (HI) in Egyptian primary-school students. METHOD: A total of 555 children (6-12 years of age) from a rural and an urban school in the Shebin El-Kom District of Egypt were screened for HI at their schools. A 2-stage screening procedure was used, and positive cases were referred for a diagnostic hearing assessment at a regional medical facility. Risk factors were investigated through a parent questionnaire and an environmental study consisting of noise, ventilation, and crowding measurements at the schools. RESULTS: The screening failure rate was 25.6%, and the prevalence of confirmed HI was 20.9%. The rate of HI did not differ across the schools. Conductive hearing loss of minimal to mild severity was the most common type of HI. The most important predictors for HI were parent suspicion, otitis media, household smoking, low socioeconomic status, and postnatal jaundice. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HI did not differ across settings and was more common than reported in children from developed countries. The screening results also suggest that professionals with limited audiology background can be trained to implement hearing screening programs in Egyptian schools.
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Developing Countries , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Hearing Tests , Mass Screening , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Egypt , Female , Hearing Loss/diagnosis , Hearing Loss/etiology , Humans , Male , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The base-catalyzed reaction of benzoyl acetone 1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yields the non-isolable intermediate 2. Treatment of 2 with dilute HCl afforded the corresponding thiocarbamoyl derivative 3. Reaction of the intermediate 2 with phenacyl bromide, ethyl bromoacetate, chloroacetonitrile, chloroacetyl chloride, bromodiethyl malonate and chloroacetone afforded the corresponding thiophene derivatives 5, 8, 15 and 17. The thiocarbamoyl derivative 3 reacts with arylazophenacyl bromide and/or hydrazine hydrate to afford the corresponding thiadiazole and pyrazole derivatives 20a-c and 22, respectively. These new synthesized compounds show generally a moderate molluscicidal activity to Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.
Subject(s)
Biomphalaria/drug effects , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiophenes/chemical synthesis , Animals , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Spectrum Analysis/methods , Thiadiazoles/chemistry , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , Thiophenes/chemistry , Thiophenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Thiocarbamoylation reaction of 3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (1a) with two equivalents of PhNCS, resulted in the formation of 1,4-di(alpha-phenylthiocarbamoyl)-3-methylpyrazolone 3, which underwent cleavage of the thiocarbamoyl group at position 4 when coupled with aromatic diazonium salts affording 4-arylhydrazono-1-phenylthiocarbamoylpyrazolone (4a-j). Reactions of 4a with chloroacetyl chloride, benzenesulphonyl chloride, piperidine and hydrazine hydrate, resulted in the formation of 8.
