The effect of electronic cigarette use on peri-implant conditions in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the effect of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use on clinical, radiographic, and immunologic peri-implant parameters in males. STUDY DESIGN: A comprehensive search of indexed databases was conducted to identify studies reporting data on both e-cigarette users and nonsmokers with implant-supported prosthesis with ≥1-year in function, up to May 2022. Marginal bone loss (MBL), probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. Peri-implant sulcular fluid volume (PISF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1ß (IL-ß) levels were also assessed. A meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models to determine the effect of e-cigarette use in primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Four cross-sectional studies were included with a total of 327 participants (165 e-cigarette users and 162 nonsmokers). All studies showed greater MBL, PI, PD, and lower BOP in e-cigarette users compared with never smokers. The meta-analysis indicated significant heterogeneity for all outcomes except MBL for distal implant surfaces, with the mean difference between e-cigarette users and nonsmokers of 0.89 mm (95% CI: 0.67-1.11, P < .01). The PISF volume, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels were increased in e-cigarette users (P < .01) with no heterogeneity present between studies. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use shows a negative effect on clinical, radiographic, and immunologic parameters of dental implants.

Oral health and Candida carriage in socioeconomically disadvantaged US pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-documented associations between poor maternal oral health and increased risk for adverse birth outcomes and dental caries in children after birth, prenatal oral health care is under-utilized, especially among the underserved population. In addition, oral Candida has recently been suggested as a potential culprit for children's dental caries, with evident maternal contributions. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain epidemiological data on the oral health and oral Candida carriage in a cohort of underserved US pregnant women, and reveal factors associated with their oral Candida carriage. METHODS: Demographic-medical-oral hygiene practice data were collected. Comprehensive oral examination was conducted. Caries status and plaque index were recorded. Oral samples (saliva, plaque and swab) were processed to identify Candida species and Streptococcus mutans by culturing-dependent and -independent methods. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with oral Candida carriage and caries severity. RESULTS: Eighty-two socioeconomically disadvantaged women (48 pregnant and 34 non-pregnant) were enrolled. More pregnant women (79.1%) had > = 1 untreated decayed tooth when compared to their non-pregnant counterparts (47.1%) (p = 0.01). The average number of decayed teeth in pregnant and non-pregnant women was 3.9 and 3.1 (p > 0.05). Caries severity was positively associated with race (African American vs. white), plaque index and salivary Candida albicans level. C. albicans was the most predominant/abundant Candida strain, with cheek and tonsil as the most common colonized sites. The detection of C. albicans was 56%/56% in saliva and 40%/47% in plaque of the pregnant and non-pregnant groups, respectively. Study women's oral Candida carriage is positively associated with hypertension [p = 0.03, odds ratio = 14.47(1.28, 163.51)], decayed teeth number [p = 0.04, odds ratio = 1.31 (1.01,1.69)] and salivary S. mutans level [p = 0.03, odds ratio = 4.80 (1.18-19.43)]. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomically disadvantaged US women are in need of improved prenatal oral health, a large proportion of them have untreated decayed teeth and high carriage of oral Candida. Due to the observed significant association between the decayed teeth number and oral Candida carriage, providing oral health care during pregnancy (including limiting decayed teeth) will not only improve women's oral health, but also present as a promising approach to reduce oral Candida carriage in women.

Activity of quercetin and kaemferol against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

OBJECTIVE: Nidus Vespae (NV) is the honeycomb of Polistes Olivaceous, P. Japonicus Saussure, and Parapolybiavaria Fabricius. Previously, we have shown the extract and chemical fractions from NV demonstrated remarkable capacities of inhibiting the acid production of oral bacteria at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentrations. In searching the most potent anti-caries compounds in NV, we further separated the NV Chl/MeOH fraction and obtained two purified compounds: quercetin and kaemferol. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of quercetin and kaemferol against S. mutans biofilm formation. METHODS: The MIC, minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm reduction concentration (MBRC50) against Streptococcus mutans were examined for NV-derived of quercetin and kaemferol. The effectiveness of inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation was further examined using in vitro biofilm model. RESULTS: Both quercetin and kaemferol compounds demonstrated anti-biofilm activities when compared to the negative control. They are capable of reducing biofilm dry-weight, total protein, viable cells measured by colony forming unit (CFU), insoluble and soluble glucans formation. The in situ culture pH was less acidic when the biofilms were treated by quercetin and kaemferol. The quercetin and kaemferol demonstrated comparable capability of S. mutans killing in biofilms, compared to chlorhexidine. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed inhibitory activity of quercetin and kaemferol against S. mutans biofilms, suggesting that quercetin and kaemferol might be considered as alternative anti-caries agents in searching novel anti-caries therapeutics.

Predictors of intensive care unit admission after total joint arthroplasty.

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is a relatively safe orthopedic procedure. However, complications do occur, and some may necessitate admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Our purpose was to determine risk factors associated with admittance to ICU after TJA. We evaluated 22,343 primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasties from 1999 to 2008. One hundred thirty patients were admitted to the ICU. Cases were matched 1:2 for date of surgery, surgeon, and type of surgery. The causes for admission to ICU were recorded. Independent risk factors for ICU admission were smoking, cemented arthroplasty, general anesthesia, allogenic transfusion, higher C-reactive protein, lower hemoglobin level, higher body mass index, and older age. Proper identification and management of these "at-risk" patients may decrease the incidence of ICU admittance after TJA.

Accuracy of parental reporting of immunization.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of parental reporting of their children's immunization status. One hundred eight consecutively admitted children to Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center were sampled during October and November 2001. Review of the immunization record, recording the immunizations documented, and matching it with the parents' report was done for children in whom the parents brought the cards. The primary care physician was contacted to verify the immunization status for children for whom the parents did not bring the card during hospitalization or for whom there was a mismatch between the card and the parents' report. The study included 100 patients (8 were excluded). Forty-nine patients had their immunization cards on admission; 18 brought the cards later during the hospital stay. Of the 100 parents questioned, 98 stated that their children are up to date and 2 stated that their children are missing vaccinations. Of the 98 parents who stated that their children are up to date, 2 were found not to be up to date. Ninety-eight percent of parents were aware of their children's immunization status and were accurate with their reporting. Parents are knowledgable of their children's immunization status (98% parental accuracy) and their statements can be relied on during history-taking. It is important for each child to have a primary care physician.