The Emergence of TRP Channels Interactome as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Integral membrane proteins, known as Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, are cellular sensors for various physical and chemical stimuli in the nervous system, respiratory airways, colon, pancreas, bladder, skin, cardiovascular system, and eyes. TRP channels with nine subfamilies are classified by sequence similarity, resulting in this superfamily's tremendous physiological functional diversity. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the development of effective treatment methods for pancreatic cancer has been hindered by the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis, partly due to the difficulty in studying human tissue samples. However, scientific research on this topic has witnessed steady development in the past few years in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie TRP channel disturbance. This brief review summarizes current knowledge of the molecular role of TRP channels in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal carcinoma to identify potential therapeutic interventions.

Bone Tissue Engineering through 3D Bioprinting of Bioceramic Scaffolds: A Review and Update.

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative medicine. Structures that closely mimic bone tissue can be produced by this unique technology. The steady development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffold therapy has played an important role in achieving the desired goal. Bioceramic scaffolds are widely studied and appear to be the most promising solution. In addition, 3D printing technology can simulate mechanical and biological surface properties and print with high precision complex internal and external structures to match their functional properties. Inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printing are among the rapidly advancing bone bioprinting technologies. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has recently shown an important role in this field, although large tissue defects are difficult to fill by injection alone. The combination of 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells has shown very promising results. Therefore, biocompatible artificial tissue engineering with living cells is the key element required for clinical applications where there is a high demand for bone defect repair. Furthermore, the emergence of various advanced manufacturing technologies has made the form of biomaterials and their functions, composition, and structure more diversified, and manifold. The importance of this article lies in that it aims to briefly review the main principles and characteristics of the currently available methods in orthopedic bioprinting technology to prepare bioceramic scaffolds, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects for applications in this promising and vital field.

An unusual case of bilateral vestibulopathy, chronic subjective dizziness and spondyloarthropathy.

OBJECTIVE: Vertigo and dizziness are two common symptoms seen in everyday practice. However, in some cases, making a diagnosis can be challenging. This case report shows the relevance of a careful psychiatric history, which led to the diagnosis of chronic subjective dizziness associated with bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. METHODS: A case of a 33-year-old lady with multiple episodes of vertigo attack after a minor head injury is reported. RESULTS: A comprehensive audiometric and vestibular evaluation reviewed bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. The frequency of the vertigo attacks decreased after treatment with betahisdine, but the patient still experienced chronic dizziness. Interestingly, when she developed spondyloarthropathy (SpA) 2 years later, both the vertigo and dizziness disappeared. When the patient went into clinical remission for SpA, she once again felt the vertigo and dizziness. The symptoms were initially thought to be part of the autoimmune disease. However, a course of oral prednisolone was ineffective. She was later diagnosed with agoraphobia without panic attack and chronic subjective dizziness, and was successfully treated with a course of benzodiazepine. CONCLUSION: The case presented demonstrates the importance of a biopsychosocial approach to patient management as vertigo and dizziness are often accompanied by psychological problems that must not be overlooked.