Innovative Sol-gel functionalized polyurethane foam for sustainable water purification and analytical advances.

Nanomaterial combined polymeric membranes such as polyurethane foams (PUFs) have garnered enormous attention in the field of water purification due to their ease of management and surface modification, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Thus, this study reports the use of novel Sol-gel impregnated polyurethane foams (Sol-gel/PUFs) as new dispersive solid phase microextractors (d- µ SPME) for the efficient separation and subsequent spectrophotometric detection of Eosin Y (EY) textile dye in an aqueous solution with a pH of 3-3.8. The Sol gel, PUFs, and Sol gel-impregnated PUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), goniometry measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible, and FTIR spectra. Batch experiment results displayed a remarkable removal percentage (96% ± 5.4%) of the EY from the aqueous solution, with the total sorption time not exceeding 60 min. These data indicate rate-limited sorption via diffusion and/or surface complex ion associate formations after the rapid initial sorption steps. A pseudo-second order kinetic model thoroughly explained the sorption kinetics, providing a sorption capacity (qe) of 37.64 mg g-1, a half-life time (t1/2) of 0.8 ± 0.01 min, and intrinsic penetration control dye retention. The thermodynamic results revealed a negative value for ΔG° (-78.07 kJ mol-1 at 293 K), clearly signifying that the dye uptake was spontaneous, as well as a negative value for ΔH° (-69.58 kJ mol-1) and a positive value for ΔS° (147.65 J mol-1 K-1), making clear the exothermic nature of EY adsorption onto the sorbent, with a growth in randomness at the molecular level. A ternary retention mechanism is proposed, involving the "weak base anion exchanger" of {(-CH2-OH+ -CH2-) (Dye anion)-}Sol-gel/PUF and/or {(-NH2 + -COO-) (Dye anion)-}Sol-gel/PUF via solvent extraction and "surface adsorption" of the dye anion on/in the Sol-gel/PUFs membranes in addition to H-bonding, including surface complexation and electrostatic π-π interaction, between the dye and the silicon/zirconium oxide (Si-O-Zr) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) groups on the sorbent. Complete extraction and recovery (93.65 ± 0.2, -102.28 ± 2.01) of EY dye with NaOH (0.5 M) as a proper eluting agent was achieved using a sorbent-packed mini column. In addition, the established extractor displayed excellent reusability and does not require organic solvents for EY enrichment in water samples, making it a talented nominee as a novel sorbent for EY sorption from wastewater. This study is of great consequence for expanding the applicatio1n of Sol-gel/PUFs in developing innovative spectrophotometric sensing strategies for dye determination. In view of this, it would also be remarkable to perform future studies to explore the analytical implications of this extractor regarding safety and environmental and public health issues associated to the pollutant.

Influence of mechanical debridement with adjunct probiotic therapy on clinical status and salivary cortisol levels in patients with periodontal inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in periodontal parameters and salivary cortisol levels (CL) among patients with periodontal inflammatory conditions (PIC) who receive non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) with or without adjunct probiotic therapy (PT). The aim of this study was to assess the influence of NSMD with and without adjunct PT on clinical status and whole salivary CL in patients with PIC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants were randomly divided into four groups: Group-1: NSMD alone (n=19); Group-2: NSMD + PT (n=18); Group-3: PT + oral hygiene instructions (OHI) (n=17); and Group-4: PT alone (n=18). Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 (2×107 colony-forming units/day) was used for PT. Plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL) were assessed, and whole salivary CL was assessed at baseline and at 6-week follow-up. Marginal bone levels were assessed at baseline and demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Sample-size estimation was performed, and statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. RESULTS: At follow-up, PI (p<0.01), GI (p<0.01), and PD (p<0.01) were significantly higher in PT + OHI and PT alone groups compared with individuals who underwent NSMD + PT and NSMD alone. At baseline and follow-up, there was no significant difference in CL in all groups. There was no statistically significant correlation between age, gender, PI, PD, GI, clinical AL, salivary flow rate, education status and salivary CL in all groups at baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: NSMD continues to be the "gold standard" and most reliable treatment strategy for managing PIC. It is imperative to reach a consensus regarding the duration, dosage, and frequency of PT that would yield optimal results for managing PIC.

Comparison of implant-supported rehabilitation in smokers and non-smokers with conventional and short tuberosity implants: an evaluation of prosthetic, peri-implant, and cytokine profiles.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess periodontal parameters, radiographic (CBL), and prosthetic parameters along with levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in smokers undergoing rehabilitation using conventional implants and short tuberosity implants (STIs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The duration of the study was six months. A structured questionnaire was made to be filled out by all participants. The participants were included in the study based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for smokers and non-smokers with STIs. Peri-implant parameters were assessed based on peri-implant plaque index (PIPI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and peri-implant periodontal depth (PIPD) ≥4 mm. Collection of peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and measurement of MMP-9 and IL-1ß was performed using ELISA. Data related to peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters were reported in mean and percentages. Pearson Chi-square test was employed for categorical data sets, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the comparison of means between groups. Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was applied for multiple comparisons. Differences were found to be significant p<0.01 RESULTS: Among the four groups, one hundred participants were included. The mean age of participants in groups 1 (44±4.5 yrs) and 3 (44±2.1 yrs) showed no significant difference from participants in groups 2 (42±3.8 yrs) and 4 (43±3.5 yrs). The duration of the smoking habit in cigarette smokers with STIs was 22.7±1.4 yrs, and cigarette smokers with conventional implants were 23.8±1.9 yrs with a daily frequency of 11.2±2.5 in group 1 and 11.33±2.1 in group 3. The means for PIPI and PIPD were found to be significantly worse in cigarette smokers with STIs (PIPI 62.4±5.9; PIPD 5.3±2.1) and conventional implants (PIPI 63.3±6.1; PIPD 5.5±1.9) compared to non-smokers with STIs (PIPI 29.2±3.6; PIPD 3.1±0.1) and conventional implants (PIPI 28.1±3.4; PIPD 3.2±0.3). BoP was significantly higher in non-smokers compared to smokers with STIs (smokers 24.2±8.3; non-smokers 36.5±21.2) and conventional implants (smokers 21.6±7.4; non-smokers 38.4±24.1) (p<0.01). The level of IL-1ß (pg/ml) and the level of MMP-9 (ng/ml) were found to be significantly higher in cigarette smokers with STIs and conventional implants in comparison to non-smokers (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal (PIPI, PIPD, and BoP) along with radiographic (CBL) and prosthetic parameters were compromised in smokers compared to non-smokers. Patients with conventional implants and STI showed comparable clinical, radiographic, and prosthetic parameters among smokers. Utilization of dental services along with cessation programs should be encouraged for smokers.

Influence of Sapindus mukorossi extract in comparison to 17% EDTA as final root canal irrigant on the sealer penetration and microleakage of dentinal tubules.

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the effect of Sapindus mukorossi (SM) extract as a final root canal irrigant on sealer penetration (SP) in dentinal tubules and microleakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. An access opening in all samples was performed and the working length was decided using pro taper for canal finishing along with constant irrigation. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was irrigated with 3 ml of 17% EDTA; group 2 was irrigated with SM irrigant and group 3 samples were irrigated with 0.9% saline. After obturation, samples were vertically placed in 1% methylene blue dye cut in half longitudinally, and viewed under a stereomicroscope. Analysis of SP in the dentinal tubule was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For microleakage assessment, mean and standard deviation were reported and One-Way ANOVA was applied. SP was compared using Kruskal-Wallis' test. For inspecting the interaction between SM/EDTA and NaOCl, Fisher's exact test was applied. No statistically significant difference between microleakage in any of the tested groups was observed. The control group showed minimum leakage as compared to EDTA and SM. RESULTS: The results displayed that there was no significant difference, (p=0.67), between dentinal tubule SP at 2 mm. A significant difference between dentinal tubule SP among groups at 5 mm was observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SM ethanolic extract showed comparable outcomes of smear layer removal and sealer penetration to 17% EDTA, as a final irrigant in root canal cleaning. Therefore, SM has the potential to be used as an adjuvant final irrigant in conjunction with NaOCl.

Evaluation of gingival displacement, bleeding and ease of application for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and conventional retraction cord - a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional use of retraction cord in soft tissue management is effective only when the non-resilient nature of material does not jeopardize gingival health. Therefore this study aims to clinically evaluate the gingival displacement, ease of application and bleeding from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retraction cord. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled clinical trial (1:1). Sixty patients indicated for full coverage metal-ceramic restoration for first molars were enrolled and randomly allocated to experimental (PTFE Cord) and control (conventional plain retraction cord) groups. After crown preparation and isolation, a pre-displacement impression was made. Assigned gingival displacement material was applied for 5 minutes, followed by post-displacement impression. Casts were prepared and used for assessment of mean horizontal gingival displacement by measuring displacement using a stereomicroscope (20 x). Post-displacement gingival bleeding and ease of application were also assessed clinically. t-test and Chi-square tests were used for statistical assessment of gingival displacement, gingival bleeding and ease of application. RESULTS: Gingival displacement, bleeding and ease of application were similar among study groups (p > 0.05). Mean gingival displacement in the experimental group was 197.1 µm, and 167.7 µm in the control group. Bleeding was observed in 30% and 20% of cases of experimental and control group, respectively. Ease of application was 'difficult' in 53.3% and 43.3% of cases of experimental and control group, respectively. Non-impregnated gingival retraction cord and PTFE cord displayed similar outcomes of gingival displacement, ease of placement and bleeding after cord removal. CONCLUSIONS: Post-displacement bleeding and discomfort for PTFE cord placement suggest that this technique needs improvement. Therefore further studies are warranted to improve and investigate the physical and biological response to PTFE retraction cord.

Clinical peri-implant outcomes, technical complications, and patient satisfaction with single vs. splinted crown supported implants in the anterior mandible region of diabetic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters around narrow diameter implants (NDI) supported single (NDISCs) and splinted crowns (NDISPs) in the anterior maxilla of non-diabetics and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and radiographic parameters of NDISC and NDISP were assessed in the anterior mandibular jaw of T2DM and non-diabetic individuals. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone levels were recorded. Technical complications and patient satisfaction were also assessed. ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) was used to compare the inter-group means of clinical indices and radiographic bone loss while Shapiro-Wilk was used to compute the normal distribution of dependent variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients (35 males and 28 females) were part of the study out of which 32 were non-diabetics and 31 were T2DM patients. A total of 188 implants (124 NDISCs and 64 NDISPs) having moderately roughened topography were used for the study. The mean glycated hemoglobin in the non-diabetic group was 4.3 while that in the T2DM group was 7.9 with an average diabetic history of 8.6 years. Peri-implant parameters, including PI, BoP, and PD, were comparable between the single crown and splinted crown groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in PI, BoP, and PD when a comparison was made between the non-diabetes and T2DM groups (p<0.05). An overall 88% of the patients were satisfied with the esthetics of the crowns while 75% of the subjects were satisfied with the function of the crowns. CONCLUSIONS: Narrow diameter implants of both types had satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes within non-diabetic and diabetic individuals. However, clinical and radiographic parameters were worse in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to non-diabetics.

Efficacy of subgingival minocycline hydrochloride delivery as an adjunct to non-surgical mechanical debridement for the treatment of peri-implantitis in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the efficacy of subgingival minocycline hydrochloride (MH) delivery with non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) for treating peri-implantitis in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with peri-implantitis were included. In the test-group, patients underwent NSMD with a single session of MH delivery. In the control-group, patients underwent NSMD alone. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), modified plaque-index (mPI), modified gingival index (mGI), probing-depth (PD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Level of significance was set at p<0.01. RESULTS: Thirty type-2 diabetic and 30 healthy individuals with peri-implantitis were included. There was a significant reduction in mPI (p<0.01), PD (p<0.01) and mGI (p<0.01) at 6 months among patients with and without type-2 DM in the test and control groups. There was no significant difference in peri-implant parameters in all patients at the 6-month follow-up. There was no significant difference in HbA1c and CBL among patients with and without type-2 DM in the test and control groups when baseline values were compared with those at 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A single application of subgingival MH delivery is as effective as NSMD alone for the treatment of peri-implantitis in type-2 diabetic patients.

Implant abutment disinfection using plasma of argon and 0.2% and chlorhexidine gel applications immediately before prosthesis delivery: clinical and radiographic status at 5-years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this five-year follow-up study was to investigate the clinical and radiologic status of implants that had undergone abutment disinfection immediately prior to prosthetic loading (PL) using plasma of argon (PA) or 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients who had had an implant-supported prosthesis fitted at least five years previously were recruited for this study. In groups 1, 2, and 3, implant abutment disinfection was performed using PA, 0.2% CHX, and a vapor protocol, respectively. Modified plaque index (mPI), modified bleeding index (mBI), probing depth (PD), and mesial and distal crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured. A questionnaire on routine oral hygiene, smoking habits, and systemic health status was also administered. Sample size estimation was performed, and group comparisons were made. Probability values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Group 1, 2, and 3 included 20 (20 implants) patients each. At five-year's follow-up, there was no difference in mBI, mPI, and PD in all groups. There was no significant difference in peri-implant CBL in all patients. None of the patients were immunosuppressed or had periodontal disease, and or had used nicotinic products within the past five years. Toothbrushing twice daily was reported by at least 90% of individuals in all groups. Flossing of interproximal spaces once daily was reported by at minimum 60% of individuals in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection of implant abutments directly before PL can be performed using AP, or 0.2% CHX gel.

Efficacy of adjunct subgingival minocycline delivery for treatment of peri-implantitis in moderate cigarette smokers.

OBJECTIVE: Localized subgingival minocycline hydrochloride (MH) delivery as an adjuvant to with non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) is useful for the treatment of periodontitis; however, there are no trials that have assessed the efficacy of subgingival MH delivery with NSMD for the treatment of peri-implantitis in cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. This randomized controlled trial assessed the efficacy of subgingival MH delivery with NSMD for the treatment of peri-implantitis in cigarette-smokers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Self-reported current cigarette-smokers and non-smokers with peri-implantitis were encompassed. These individuals were subdivided into 2-subgroups. Patients in test- and control groups received NSMD with and without a single delivery of subgingival MH. Modified-gingival-index (mGI), modified-plaque-index (mPI), probing-depth (PD) and crestal-bone-loss (CBL) were measured at baseline and at 6-months' follow-up. Demographic-data was also collected. Level of significance was set at p<0.01. RESULTS: Twenty-four cigarette-smokers and 24 non-smokers with peri-implantitis were included. There was a significant reduction in mPI (p<0.01), mGI (p<0.01), PD (p<0.01) at 6-months among patients with and without type-2 DM in test- and control-groups. There was no significant difference in peri-implant mPI, PD and mGI, patients with and without type-2 diabetes in test- and control-groups at 6-months of follow-up. There was no significant difference in CBL in all patients at 6-months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A single application of subgingival MH delivery is as effective as NSMD alone for the treatment of peri-implantitis in cigarette-smokers and non-smokers.

The effect of 805 nm near-infrared photobiomodulation on proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells in murine rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of near infra-red gallium-aluminium-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser (805 nm) irradiation on proliferation and differentiation of rat femoral bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured in osteogenic medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BMSCs were obtained from femurs of 60 Sprague Dawley rats (200 gm). The control group comprised isolated BMSCs supplemented with an osteogenic differentiation medium. On the other hand, in the experimental group, the BMSCs were irradiated with a near-infrared laser in addition to an osteogenic differentiation medium. The experimental group was irradiated with a soft tissue laser comprising of allium-aluminium-arsenic (Ga-Al-Ar) Diode at a near-infrared wavelength of 805 nm in continuous mode. The different output powers applied were 0.5 W, 1.0 W, 1.5 W and 2.0 W respectively. Various energy levels of 1, 4, 7 and 10 J were used for irradiation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and Alizarin staining were performed to confirm osteogenic differentiation. Statistical analysis was done using a one-way ANOVA and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: According to our findings, 1.27 J/cm2 was the optimal energy density value that significantly increased the BMSC proliferation at the output of 1.5 W with the power density of 1.27 W/cm2. On 1.27 J/cm2, there was a significant difference compared to the control group on the first day, and the osteogenic differentiation increased significantly on the 4th day compared to the 1st day. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, 1.27 J/cm2 was the optimal energy density value that significantly increased the BMSC proliferation at the output of 1.5 W with the power density of 1.27 W/cm2.

Knowledge attitude and practice of safety measures for corona virus disease - 19 (COVID-19) among general population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of general population for Corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). METHODS: A total of 950 participants submitted an online self-administered questionnaire, which was developed through literature search and validated. The online survey link was distributed through various social media platforms (WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Snapchat, Pinterest, and Tumblr). And 861 forms were included in the study after checking for completion of relevant response from participants, whereas 89 forms were excluded. The data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics were performed for percentage and frequency determination of quantitative and qualitative variables. Spearman's correlation and Chi square test were performed to control confounders and association of knowledge, attitude, and practices with gender and education level. The P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: More than two third of the population was aware of COVID-19 and three fourth had had bachelor's degrees, whereas 18% had master level education. 85% have not attended any courses, awareness campaigns, and lectures to inculcate recent and updated knowledge. 83% believed that COVID-19 is a serious threat to the community; hence, prevention strategies should be adopted. There was no significant relationship (p = 0.23) between knowledge, attitude, and practice levels with gender, whereas a significant relationship (p = 0.01) was noted with education of participant. Similarly, a significant relationship (p = 0.00) was seen between knowledge and practices of participants toward COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The studied population displayed adequate knowledge, attitude, and practice to combat COVID-19. However, we also find a knowledge gap between information source and perception of COVID-19 among our study participants. Therefore, there is a critical need for effective education and widespread public campaigns aiming to enhance relevant and contemporary information related to prevention and management of COVID-19.

Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, STRO-1 and CD 44 in the healing of experimentally induced periapical lesions in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the expression of cell proliferating marker, anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (anti-PCNA) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers (anti-STRO-1 and anti-CD44) in periapical periodontitis and their role in the healing of periapical lesion in periapical periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety Sprague-Dawley male rats (100 g) were divided into 3 groups: Experimental group I (EG I: n = 30), experimental group II (EG II: n=30) and control group (CG: n = 30). Periapical lesions were experimentally developed by leaving the dental pulp of maxillary first molars mesial root open to oral environment for 4 weeks. Conventional root canal treatment was performed in EG II. Maxillary first molars along with alveolar bone were resected and fixed. The processed samples were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and evaluated immunohistochemically using antibodies against anti-PCNA, anti-STRO-1, and anti-CD44 polyclonal antibodies. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Immunostaining of anti-PCNA showed 30%, 70% and 53.3% positive staining in CG, EG I, and EG II, respectively (p<0.001). Moreover, the CD44 staining was 20% in CG in contrast to 63.6% in EG I and 43.3 in EG II. STRO-1 staining in CG was 10%, 50% in the EG I and 36.6% in the EG II (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Periapical inflammatory tissues expressed significant proliferative cell marker PCNA and mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO-1, and CD44. These findings further reaffirm the promising role of mesenchymal stem cells in the healing of periapical periodontitis.

Clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters and release of collagen degradation biomarkers in naswar dippers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare clinical periodontal parameters and to assess the release of C-telopeptides pyridinoline cross-links (ICTP) and C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide (CTX) from gingival collagen of naswar (NW) and non-naswar (control) dippers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-seven individuals (42 individuals consuming NW and 45 controls) were included. Clinical (plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment loss) and radiographic (marginal bone loss) periodontal parameters were compared among NW and control groups. Gingival specimens were taken from subjects in NW and control groups, assessed for ICTP and CTX levels (using ELISA) and analyzed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The significance of differences in periodontal parameters between the groups was determined using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The percent loss of dry mass over exposure time and the rate of release of ICTP and CTX from all groups were compared using the paired t-test to examine the effects of exposure time. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters were significantly higher in the NW group than the control group (P < .01). In the Raman spectrum, the strongest and sharpest band occurred at 1260 cm-1 amongst NW users. A Raman band at Amide I was observed with slight shifts in wave numbers. The rate of ICTP and CTX release was significantly higher in subjects from the NW group compared with those from the control group (P < .05). Both factors, the type of groups and time, had a significant effect on release of ICTP and CTX (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the present study, it may be concluded that clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters were worse among subjects in the NW group than in those of the control group. There is a higher degree of collagen breakdown in the connective tissue of subjects in the NW group as a result of naswar usage.

Influence of involuntary cigarette smoke inhalation on osseointegration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

There are no studies that have systematically reviewed the influence of involuntary cigarette smoke inhalation (ICSI) on the stability of implants. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies that assessed the influence of involuntary cigarette smoke inhalation ICSI on osseointegration. Indexed databases (PubMed, Google-Scholar, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Knowledge) were searched till September 2017. Titles and abstracts of studies identified using the above-described protocol were independently screened by 2 authors. Full-texts of studies judged by title and abstract to be relevant were independently evaluated for the stated eligibility criteria. Nine studies were included. Six studies showed that ICSI compromised bone area contact around implants. In 4 studies, peri-implant bone mineral density was significantly higher in the control group than among subjects exposed to ICSI. For the effects of ICSI on the osseointegration of dental implants, significant differences could be observed for bone-to-implant contact for test subjects in cancellous (Z=-4.08, p<0.001) and cortical bone (Z=-4.31, p<0.001) respectively. ICSI may negatively influence osseointegration of dental implants. It is imperative to educate patients about the negative effects of passive smoking on dental and systemic health.

Influence of implant location in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: 2-year follow-up.

The aim of the present cross-sectional retrospective 2-year follow-up clinical study was to assess the influence of implant location on clinical and radiographic parameters around dental implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twenty-seven patients with T2DM and 25 non-diabetic controls were included. Implants were classified into three zones according to their location: (1) anterior zone: implant/s replacing anterior teeth, (2) middle zone: implant/s replacing premolars, and (3) posterior zone: implant/s replacing molars. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean age of patients with T2DM was 42.5 years and that of non-diabetic controls was 40.6 years. The mean fasting blood glucose levels of patients with and without T2DM were 74.5mg/dl (66-80mg/dl) and 82.5mg/dl (79-88.1mg/dl), respectively. The mean duration of T2DM was 4.3 years. There was no significant difference in BOP, PD, or CBL around implants placed in any of the zones in the jaws of patients with and without T2DM. There is no influence of implant location on clinical and radiographic parameters around dental implants placed in patients with and without T2DM.

Attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners (FMPs) towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed and a 13-item survey questionnaire was given to FMPs practicing in 12 different teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The questions were aimed at exploring the knowledge of FMP's regarding the association of obesity and periodontal disease and their attitude towards the association of obesity and periodontal disease. Chi-square and Spearman co-efficient were conducted to compare subgroups and correlate factors with the knowledge score of FMPs. RESULTS: A total of 314 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 92%). Median age of participants was 41 years and 57% were females. Almost 61% of FMPs answered all the knowledge questions correctly and 64% reported moderate understanding of the association between periodontal health and obesity. Nearly 73% FMPs inquired from obese patients regarding the periodontal disease and more than half (58%) refer patients to a dentist for evaluation. More than half of FMPs perform periodontal disease screening. Nearly all FMPs considered informing obese patients regarding periodontal disease as one of their roles. CONCLUSIONS: FMP's play an important role in the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal conditions in obese patients. More than two thirds of FMPs showed good knowledge of the association of obesity and periodontal disease. The attitudes of FMPs towards assessing and referring obese patients at a risk of having periodontal disease were reassuring.

Role of local alendronate delivery on the osseointegration of implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is controversy regarding whether locally delivered alendronate enhances osseointegration. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the role of local alendronate delivery (topical, or as a coating on implant surfaces) in the osseointegration of implants. The focused question was, "Does the local delivery of alendronate affect osseointegration around implants?". To address this question, indexed databases were searched, without time or language restriction, up to and including January 2017. Various combinations of the following key words were used: "alendronate", "bisphosphonates", "osseointegration", and "topical administration". letters to the editor, historic reviews, commentaries, case series, and case reports were excluded. In total, 18 experimental studies were included: alendronate-coated implants were used in 13 of these studies and local delivery in five studies. The results of 11 of the studies showed that alendronate coating increased new bone formation, the bone volume fraction, or bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and biomechanical properties. Results from two studies in which alendronate was administered topically indicated impaired BIC and/or biomechanical fixation around implants. On experimental grounds, local alendronate delivery seems to promote osseointegration. From a clinical perspective, the results in animal models support phase 1 studies in healthy humans (without co-morbidities other than edentulism).

A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies assessing the effect of nicotine on osseointegration.

Nicotine has been associated with vasoconstriction and an impaired cellular healing response. It is therefore likely that nicotine jeopardizes osseointegration. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess pre-clinical studies on the effect of nicotine on implant osseointegration. Databases were searched up to and including March 2016 for animal/non-human studies using the following Keywords: bone to implant contact; implant; nicotine; osseointegration; bone healing; and new bone formation. In total eight in vivo design studies were included and processed for data extraction. Five studies reported no significant influence of nicotine on healing around implants. Quantitative analysis of the effects of nicotine on the osseointegration of dental implants showed a significant difference in bone-to-implant contact between test and control subjects (Z=-2.49; P=0.014). From the studies included in the present review; it appears that nicotine has an effect on implant osseointegration.

Analysis of some selected catechins and caffeine in green tea by high performance liquid chromatography.

Green tea seems to have a positive impact on health due to the catechins-found as flavanols. Thus, the present study was aimed to develop a low cost reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of flavanol contents, namely catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin 3-gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) and caffeine in 29 commercial green tea samples available in a Saudi Arabian local market. A C-18 reversed-phase column, acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid as a mobile phase, coupled with UV detector at 205 nm, was successfully used for precise analysis of the tested analytes in boiled water of digested tea leaves. The average values of N (No. of theoretical plates), HETP (height equivalent of theoretical plates) and R(s) (separation factor) (at 10 µg ml(-1) of the catechins EC, EGC, EGCG and ECG) were 2.6×10(3)±1.2×10(3), 1.7×10(-3)±4.7×10(-4) cm and 1.7±5.53×10(-2), respectively. The developed HPLC method demonstrated excellent performance, with low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the tested catechins of 0.004-0.05 µg ml(-1) and 0.01-0.17 µg ml(-1), respectively, and recovery percentages of 96-101%. The influence of infusion time (5-30 min) and temperature on the content of the flavanols was investigated by HPLC. After a 5 min infusion of the tea leaves, the average concentrations of caffeine, catechin, EC, EGC, ECG and EGCG were found to be in the ranges 0.086-2.23, 0.113-2.94, 0.58-10.22, 0.19-24.9, 0.22-13.9 and 1.01-43.3 mg g(-1), respectively. The contents of caffeine and catechins followed the sequence: EGCG>EGC>ECG>EC>C>caffeine. The method was applied satisfactorily for the analysis of (+)-catechin, even at trace and ultra trace concentrations of catechins. The method was rapid, accurate, reproducible and ideal for routine analysis.

Marginal adaptation of class II resin composite restorations using incremental and bulk placement techniques: an ESEM study.

This in vitro study compared marginal gap formation in class II resin composite restorations. Forty caries-free extracted molars were prepared in a standardized manner for class II restoration by one of four methods: bulk- or incrementally-placed light-activated resin composite (Amelogen), and bulk- or incrementally-placed chemically activated composite (Rapidfill). The restored teeth, after finishing and polishing, and thermocycling, were examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Marginal gap measurements at predetermined facial and lingual margin sites showed no significant differences between the two sites within any of the groups. Both the light- and the chemically-activated restorations showed no significant differences in mean marginal gap sizes whether they were placed by incremental or bulk techniques. Amelogen restorations placed by both methods had significantly larger margin gaps than those of each of the Rapidfill groups (P<0.05). Thus, although method of placement of a given material had no significant effect on the quality of marginal adaptation, both of the chemically activated resin composite restorations produced significantly smaller marginal gaps than both the bulk- and incrementally-placed light-activated composites.