[Application of laser technologies in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer].

This review includes the facts of bladder treatment by means of laser technologies application in historical perspective. Advantages and disadvantages of different laser technologies were considered in comparison with the traditional TUR of the bladder wall.

[Interstitial laser coagulation in the management of urothelial papillary carcinoma of the renal pelvis].

This article presents a case of a 59-year-old patient with a primary tumor of the right kidney with bladder and liver metastases. The patient was treated in three-stages. In the first stage, he underwent ureteral stone extraction, laser resection of the tumor with subsequent vaporization. In the second stage, a repeat laser resection and vaporization of the tumor was performed. During the third stage, the patient underwent TUR of the bladder wall with the tumor, followed by laser vaporization of the tumor bed. During a 9-year follow-up, no signs of tumor growth or metastasis were observed.

[Age-related androgen deficiency. The current state of the problem].

This paper reviews the modern concept of age-related androgen deficiency. The authors discuss the prevalence of androgen deficiency and its relationship with age, concomitant diseases, pharmacotherapy and other factors.

[Large urethral stones: a case report].

The article describes a clinical observation of a 68 y/o patient with large stones of the urethra, reaching 5 cm in length and located in the penile urethra. The patient underwent a three-stage treatment: the first stage consisted of drainage of the urinary bladder, the second stage of the urethrolithotomy and a double-barreled fistula, the third was an anastomotic urethroplasty. After removing the cystostomic drainage tube, normal urination was restored.

[Disturbances in the intestinal microflora and immune system in children with vitiligo]. / Narusheniia mikroflory kishechnika i immunnoi sistemy u detei, bol'nykh vitiligo.

A total of 91 children, aged 3-16 years, with vitiligo were examined. These examinations showed that the total number of T lymphocytes decreased irrespective of the degree of intestinal dysbacteriosis. The average number of T suppressors increased as dysbiotic changes in the intestine became more profound. The amount of natural killers, B lymphocytes, as well as the content of IgG and IgA (p < 0.001), increased irrespectively of the degree of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Thus the unbalance of the immunity system and dysbiotic changes in the intestine of children having vitiligo were Inter-related.