ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Homozygosity for the C677T mutation in the gene of the thermolabile enzyme 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associates with reduced enzyme activity, leading to mild hyperhomocysteinemia. We now know that an elevated level of homocysteine is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the C677T mutation in Saudi patients diagnosed with CVD. METHODS: Over a period of 2 years (2003-2004) in a case control study, we determined the prevalence of the C677T mutation in 83 CVD patients and in 40 age and gender-matched controls in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. We determined the MTHFR genotype by restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele specific hybridization procedures. RESULTS: The CVD group showed over representation of the C677T allele frequencies (20.5%) compared with unaffected controls (15%) (p=0.3). Furthermore, the genotypic data indicated that the prevalence of homozygosity for the C677T mutation was dramatically higher in the CVD patients (10.8%) when compared with normal (0%) (p=0.058). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the MTHFR C677T variant mildly influences CVD. However, we require further investigation in large independent samples.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Alleles , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Genotype , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Probability , Reference Values , Risk Assessment , Saudi Arabia/epidemiology , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A stethoscope, an essential tool of the medical profession, can become a source of nosocomial infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of stethoscopes as well as the practices used for cleaning them. METHODS: Cultures were taken from 100 stethoscopes used by different medical personnel in different hospital services. The stethoscopes were collected while the staff filled in a questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty (30%) out of the 100 stethoscopes surveyed were contaminated with microorganisms. The majority of organisms isolated were gram-positive bacteria (gram positive bacilli 12%, gram-negative bacteria 9%, gram-positive cocci 9%). None of the stethoscopes grew methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Overall, 21% of the health personnel cleaned their stethoscopes daily, 47% weekly, and 32% yearly. None of the health care workers cleaned their stethoscopes after every patient. Nurses cleaned their stethoscopes more often than physicians and medical students. CONCLUSION: Stethoscopes may be important in the spread of infectious agents. Their regular disinfection after use on each patient should be considered, particularly in such areas of the hospital, as the critical care units, and oncology units which house many patients with antibiotic-resistant organisms.
