ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acanthamoeba spp. are one of the free-living amoeba that spread worldwide causing keratitis. Owing to the increase in the use of lenses, whether for medical or cosmetic purposes, the incidence of disease increases every year. Contamination of the lenses with the Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts may lead to eye infection and cause sight-threatening keratitis in human. We isolated Acanthamoeba spp. from new lenses, used lenses, and contact lens disinfecting solutions and identified them based on morphological characteristics and molecular test. METHODS: New and used lenses and contact lens disinfecting solutions were cultured on monogenic media. Light and scanning electron microscope was used to identify Acanthamoeba spp. morphological features. Genotype identification was also evaluated using PCR sequencing of 18S rRNA gene specific primer pair JDP1 and JDP2. RESULTS: A hundred samples were examined, 29 (29%) were infected with Acanthamoeba spp. That belonged to two strains of Acanthamoeba (Acanthamoeba 41 and Acanthamoeba 68). 18S rRNA of the Acanthamoeba 41 had 99.69% sequence identity to Acanthamoeba castellanii clone HDU-JUMS-2, whereas Acanthamoeba 68 had 99.74% similar pattern to that of Acanthamoeba sp. isolate T4 clone ac2t4 that are morphologically identified as Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The obtained data revealed that the isolated strains belong to T4 genotype that was evolutionarily similar to strains isolated in Iran. CONCLUSIONS: Cosmetic lenses and disinfectant solutions are a major transmissible mode for infection. This genotype is common as the cause of Acanthamoeba keratitis. To avoid infection, care must be taken to clean the lenses and their preservative solutions and prevent contamination with the parasite.
Subject(s)
Acanthamoeba/classification , Contact Lens Solutions/analysis , Contact Lenses/parasitology , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Acanthamoeba/genetics , Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Cosmetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Drug Contamination , Egypt , Humans , Iran , Microscopy , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/geneticsABSTRACT
Schistosomiasis is a multifactorial disease that includes environmental, behavioral, parasitic, vector, and host factors. This study aimed to assess the protective effect of single and polyvalent antigens from cercarial antigen preparations (CAPs), soluble worm antigen preparations (SWAPs), and soluble egg antigens (SEAs) which were used as candidate vaccines in an experimental model of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. The efficiency of the antigens was tested by determining their effects on fecal egg count, egg viability analysis, and tissue egg counts. Histological and morphometric analyses of granulomas in liver and intestine tissues were performed. In the present study, all immunized groups showed a significant reduction in the average fecal egg count and tissue egg load compared with infected mice. The most substantial reduction in fecal egg count was observed in the combined vaccinated group (23.23 ± 3.2). The group vaccinated with CAP before infection showed the highest reduction in tissue egg load (liver and intestine: 85.22 and 91.70%, respectively). Immunized animals showed a highly significant reduction in the numbers of hepatic granulomas compared with the infected non-immunized group. In conclusion, combining these different antigens (CAP, SWAP, and SEA) augments the protective immunity compared with other immunized groups.
