Laryngeal chondromas: Current knowledge and future directions.

Objective: Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare, representing less than 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Chondromas are benign mesenchymal tumors characterized by a slow-paced growth, primarily originated in the cricoid cartilage, followed by the thyroid, arytenoid, and epiglottic cartilages. This scoping review aims to understand the extent of evidence on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, morbidity, and recurrence of the laryngeal chondroma (LC). Data sources: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews, Lilacs, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Review methods: The scoping review was conducted from 1816 to 2023, for observational studies describing LC. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, followed by an evaluation of the full text for eligibility. The data were collected from the qualifying articles, and a narrative summary of the outcomes was prepared. Results: One hundred and nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Ninety-four case reports, 22 case series, and 3 cohorts. Two hundred and four participants with a diagnosis of LC were described. Male:female ratio was 2.8:1. The most common localization was the cricoid (113; 47.08%), followed by the thyroid (45; 18.75%), and the arytenoid cartilage (27; 11.25%). Dyspnea (78.85%) and hoarseness (74.28%) were the most reported symptoms. The recurrence rate was 11.25%, and complications were uncommon following the resection. Conclusion: This scoping review found a low-frequency rate over all the cartilaginous laryngeal tumors. Most patients were treated with resection, with a low rate of malignancy conversion. This population has low attributable mortality, morbidity, and recurrence according to the current literature.

Risk Factors for Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Organ Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVE: Studies suggest that transplant patients are at risk for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, there is limited information in the literature regarding frequency and reasons for failure of adequate medical therapy. We aim to determine the risk factors associated with the development of medically recalcitrant CRS requiring endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Mayo Clinic. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of 925 transplant recipients seen at Mayo Clinic between 2017 and 2022. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) a rhinologic consultation after transplant and (2) clinical diagnosis of CRS. A total of 549 patients met the inclusion criteria and were divided based on the need for ESS versus successful treatment with medical therapy. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors and predictive variables related to failure of medical therapy. RESULTS: Of the 549 patients, 201/549 (37%) had medically recalcitrant disease requiring ESS, while 348/549 (63%) were successfully treated with medical therapy Based on logistic regression, patients with recurrent acute rhinosinusitis in the pretransplant period were 8.68 more likely to have a recalcitrant disease (95% confidence interval, 3.72-20.28, p < 0.0001). Some of the largest determinants of medical therapy failure in the posttransplant period were CRS with nasal polyps, odontogenic CRS, and noninvasive fungal sinusitis. The presence of neutropenia, aplastic anemia, and living transplant were also associated with medically recalcitrant CRS requiring ESS. CONCLUSION: Our predictive model identifies with high accuracy the patients who may be at risk of developing recalcitrant CRS in the organ transplant population.

Is colostomy closure without mechanical bowel preparation safe in pediatric patients? A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is largely used worldwide prior to colostomy closure in children, although its benefits are questioned by scientific evidence, and its use can cause adverse reactions. We hypothesized that colostomy closure procedures in children are not associated with increased complications (surgical site infection [SSI] and anastomotic leakage) when performed without MBP. Thus, we conducted a noninferiority trial to compare the safety and efficacy of colostomy takedown with and without MBP. METHODS: A randomized noninferiority clinical trial was conducted at Hospital Infantil de Mexico in Mexico City from 2015 to 2019, in which the experimental group did not receive MBP prior to colostomy closure. A total of 79 patients were analyzed, and the primary outcomes were safety-related. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, Student's t-test, or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. RESULTS: The demographics in both groups were comparable. Statistical analysis revealed equivalence in safety outcomes (superficial SSI, 22.5% vs 15.3% p = 0.420; deep SSI, 7.5% vs 0% p = 0.081; reoperation, p = 0.320; intestinal occlusion, p = 0.986); no anastomotic leakage was observed in any group. Secondary outcomes such as fasting time and length of hospital stay after surgery were also similar between the groups. However, patients who received MBP were admitted 2 days before surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that withholding MBP prior to colostomy takedowns in children is not associated with increased complications. Omitting MBP also leads to less discomfort and shortens hospital length of stay, suggesting that it has safer and more effective procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Randomized controlled clinical trial with adequate statistical power.

Minimally invasive treatment of an amebic empyema secondary to the transdiaphragmatic rupture of a liver abscess: a case report.

Liver abscesses are a common complication in patients with amebiasis. Rarely, these will rupture across the diaphragm causing life-threatening empyemas. Evidence justifies performing surgical debridement or decortication for their treatment, given the better overall performance in comparison to open surgeries. However, no current guideline specifies which is the best approach. This report presents the case of a 39-year-old male with clinical, radiographical and microbiological evidence of an amebic empyema secondary to an amebic liver abscess, who received treatment by video-assisted thoracoscopy. The case description highlights the surgical technique, findings and operative outcomes that could be taken into consideration by other physicians to timely manage similar cases. The latter is especially relevant in underdeveloped and developing countries, where the burden of amebiasis appears to be greater. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of a transdiaphragmatic amebic infection treated in a minimally invasive fashion.

Imaging Characteristics and Reintervention in Patients after Radiation Induced Carotid Artery Stenting.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate and describe the radiographic imaging findings in a series of patients who underwent reintervention after radiation induced carotid artery stenting (RICAS). METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with prior RICAS and subsequent reintervention. RESULTS: We describe 10 patients including 8 male and 2 female patients with 12 reinterventions due to prior diagnosed radiation-induced carotid artery stenosis and subsequent stenting during the period 2000-2019. The rate of reintervention was found to be 10%. The pattern of stenosis is unique to this patient population including specifically long-segment stenosis, proximal and distal to the stent location, which tends not to occur in the atherosclerotic patient population. CONCLUSIONS: Careful surveillance after RICAS is necessary to assess for the risk and the unusual pattern of stenosis to offer reintervention in this high-risk patient population.