ABSTRACT
Glioma is known as one of very important tumors that is associated with high rate of mortality worldwide. The mean rate of survival of these patients has not changed (approximately 14 months) even with improvements in comprehensive therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Therefore, it seems that new therapeutic or developed platforms are needed. In this regard, more understanding about genetic and epigenetic modifications in the glioma, could contribute to finding and developing these platforms. Among epigenetic mechanisms, circular RNAs have crucial roles in the glioma pathogenesis. Reported by several studies, some of the abilities of circRNAs include the exhibition of tissue specificity in humans and regulation of genes. Research has also confirmed the participation of circRNAs in different pathological or biological procedures, including migration, invasion, and apoptosis of glioma. Herein, we summarized circular RNAs involved in glioma.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Glioma/therapy , RNA, Circular/genetics , Animals , Brain Neoplasms/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Glioma/genetics , Glioma/pathology , HumansABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) as chronic autoimmune inflammatory neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs due to several environmental and genetic factors, whose pathogenesis is associated with genes with regulatory role in the immune system. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are able to reportedly regulate responses of immune systems and expression of genes, and show the tissue specificity and complexity of biofunctions. Various studies have suggested that the aberrant LncRNA expression is an underlying factor involved in the incidence of MS and that the analysis of the expression profile of these molecules can be a specific biomarker of MS for preventing the course of the disease or responding to treatment. The purpose of this research was to review the recent studies for exploring the functions of LncRNAs in the processes leading to MS disease.
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis , RNA, Long Noncoding , Biomarkers , Central Nervous System , Humans , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , RNA, Long Noncoding/geneticsABSTRACT
The most frequent kind of malignancy in the universe is skin cancer, which has been categorized into non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. There are no complete information of the skin carcinogenesis process. A variety of external and internal agents contribute to the non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis. These factors are epigenetic changes, X-rays, genetic, arsenic compounds, UV rays, and additional chemical products. It was found that there could be a relationship between the appearing novel and more suitable therapies for participants in this class of diseases and detection of basic molecular paths. A covalently closed loop structure bond connecting the 5' and 3' ends characterizes a new group of extensively expressed endogenous regulatory RNAs, which are called circular RNAs (circRNAs). Mammals commonly express circRNAs. They are of high importance in tumorigenesis. Multiple lines evidence indicated that a variety of circular RNAs are associated with initiation and development of skin-related diseases such as skin cancers. Given that different circular RNAs (hsa_circ_0025039, hsa_circRNA006612, circRNA005537, and circANRIL) via targeting various cellular and molecular targets (e.g., CDK4, DAB2IP, ZEB1, miR-889, and let-7c-3p) exert their effects on skin cancers progression. Herein, for first time, we summarized different circular RNAs in skin cancers and noncancerous diseases. Moreover, we highlighted crosstalk between circular RNAs and ceRNAs in cancerous conditions.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics , RNA, Circular/metabolism , Skin Diseases/genetics , Skin Neoplasms/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry , Carcinogenesis/genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , MicroRNAs/chemistry , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Nucleic Acid Conformation , RNA, Circular/agonists , RNA, Circular/antagonists & inhibitors , RNA, Circular/chemistry , RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry , RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism , Response Elements/genetics , Skin/pathology , Skin Diseases/drug therapy , Skin Diseases/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARs are categorized into three subtypes, PPARα, ß/δ, and γ, encoded by different genes, expressed in diverse tissues and participate in various biological functions and can be activated by their metabolic derivatives in the body or dietary fatty acids. The PPAR-γ also takes parts in the regulation of energy balance, lipoprotein metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling. It has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancers. Among various cellular and molecular targets that are able to regulate PPAR-γ and its underlying pathways, microRNAs (miRNAs) appeared as important regulators. Given that the deregulation of these molecules via targeting PPAR-γ could affect initiation and progression of various diseases, identification of miRNAs that affects PPAR-γ could contribute to the better understanding of roles of PPAR-γ in various biological and pathological conditions. Here, we have summarized the function and various ligands of PPAR-γ and have highlighted various miRNAs involved in the regulation of PPAR-γ.