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1.
Health Policy Plan ; 37(3): 420-427, 2022 Mar 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34984450

ABSTRACT

Ever since the 1990s, implementation research in Ghana has guided the development of policies and practices that are essential to establishing community-based primary health care. In response to evidence emerging from this research, the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) policy was promulgated in 1999 to scale-up results. However, during the first decade of CHPS operation, national monitoring showed that its pace of coverage expansion was unacceptably slow. In 2010, the Ghana Health Service launched a 5-year plausibility trial of CHPS reform for testing ways to accelerate scale-up. This initiative, known as the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Program (GEHIP), included a knowledge management component for establishing congruence of knowledge generation and flow with the operational system that GEHIP evidence was intended to reform. Four Upper East Region districts served as trial areas, while seven districts were comparison areas. Interventions tested means of developing the upward flow of information based on perspectives of district managers, sub-district supervisors and community-level workers. GEHIP also endeavoured to improve procedures for the downward flow and utilization of policy guidelines. Field exchanges were convened for providing national, regional and district leaders with opportunities for participatory learning about GEHIP implementation innovations. This systems approach facilitated the process of augmenting the communication of evidence with practical field experience. Scientific rigor associated with the production of evidence was thereby integrated into management decision-making processes in ways that institutionalized learning at all levels. The GEHIP knowledge management system functioned as a prototype for guiding the planning of a national knowledge management strategy. A follow-up project transferred its mechanisms from the Upper East Regional Health Administration to the Policy Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Division of the Ghana Health Service in Accra.


Subject(s)
Community Health Services , Health Services Research , Ghana , Government Programs , Humans , Primary Health Care
2.
Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health ; 46: 51-59, 2020 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32375118

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Few studies have explored clinicians' roles in the abortion experience in Ghana. Examining how clinicians understand conscientious objection to abortion-the right to refuse to provide legal abortion on the basis of moral or personal beliefs-may provide insight that could help manage the practice. METHODS: Eight in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions were conducted with 14 doctors and 20 midwives in health facilities in Ghana's Eastern and Volta Regions in May 2018. The semi-structured interview guides covered such topics as clinicians' understanding of conscientious objection, how it is practiced and the consequences of conscientious objection for providers and clients. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Most clinicians did not understand the term "conscientious objection," and midwives had more knowledge on the subject than doctors. The main reasons for conscientious objection were antiabortion religious and cultural beliefs. Clinicians who objected referred clients to willing providers, counseled them to continue the pregnancies or inadvertently encouraged unsafe abortions. The negative consequences of conscientious objection to abortion for clients were complications and death from unsafe abortions; the consequences for providers included high patient volume and stigma for nonobjectors, leading some to claim objection to avoid these. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the need for further research on the consequences of conscientious objection, including stigma leading to refusals. Such research may ultimately help to restrict clinicians' misuse of the right to object and improve women's reproductive health care in Ghana.


RESUMEN Contexto: Pocos estudios han explorado los roles del personal clínico en la experiencia del aborto en Ghana. Examinar la forma en que el personal clínico comprende la objeción de conciencia al aborto ­el derecho de rehusarse a proveer servicios de aborto legal sobre la base de la moral o creencias personales­ podría aportar conocimientos que ayuden a gestionar la práctica del procedimiento. Métodos: Se realizaron ocho entrevistas en profundidad y cuatro discusiones de grupos focales con la participación de 14 médicos y 20 parteras en instituciones de salud en las regiones de Ghana oriental y del Volta en mayo de 2018. Las guías de entrevistas semiestructuradas cubrieron temas como la comprensión del personal clínico acerca de la objeción de conciencia, la forma en que se practica y las consecuencias de la objeción de conciencia para proveedores de servicios y clientes. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis temático. Resultados: La mayor parte del personal clínico no comprendió el término "objeción de conciencia" y las parteras tuvieron más conocimiento del tema que los médicos. Las principales razones para la objeción de conciencia fueron las creencias religiosas y culturales contrarias al aborto. El personal clínico que practicó la objeción refirió a sus clientes a proveedores dispuestos a dar el servicio, les aconsejó continuarcon los embarazos o inadvertidamente les motivó para tener abortos inseguros. Las consecuencias negativas de la objeción de conciencia al aborto para las clientas fueron complicaciones y muerte debidas a abortos inseguros; las consecuencias para los proveedores incluyeron un alto volumen de pacientes y el estigma para los no objetores, lo que condujo a que algunos se identificaran como objetores para evitar dichas consecuencias. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos destacan la necesidad de mayor investigación sobre las consecuencias de la objeción de conciencia, incluido el estigma que conduce a negar los servicios. Esa investigación podría ayudar, en última instancia, a restringir el uso indebido del derecho a objetar por parte del personal clínico y a mejorar los servicios de salud reproductiva para las mujeres en Ghana.


RÉSUMÉ Contexte: Rares sont les études qui examinent le rôle des cliniciens dans l'expérience de l'avortement au Ghana. Il peut être utile d'examiner comment les cliniciens comprennent l'objection de conscience à l'avortement ­ c.-à-d. le droit de refuser la prestation d'un avortement légal sur la base de croyances morales ou personnelles ­, afin de mieux gérer la pratique. Méthodes: Huit entretiens en profondeur et quatre discussions de groupe ont été menés avec 14 médecins et 20 sages-femmes de structures sanitaires des régions Orientale et de la Volta au Ghana, en mai 2018. Les guides de ces entretiens semistructurés couvraient des questions telles que la compréhension du concept d'objection de conscience par les cliniciens, sa pratique et ses conséquences pour les prestataires et les patientes. Les données ont été analysées par analyse thématique. Résultats: La plupart des cliniciens ne comprenaient pas l'expression « objection de conscience ¼; les sages-femmes étaient mieux informées sur la question que les médecins. Les principales raisons de l'objection de conscience étaient les croyances religieuses et culturelles opposées à l'avortement. Les cliniciens objecteurs aiguillaient les patientes vers les prestataires qui ne l'étaient pas, leur conseillaient de poursuivre leur grossesse ou les encourageaient par inadvertance à recourir à l'avortement non médicalisé. Les conséquences négatives de l'objection de conscience à l'avortement étaient, pour les patientes, les complications, parfois mortelles, de l'avortement non médicalisé; pour les prestataires, ces conséquences se révélaient dans le grand nombre de patientes et la stigmatisation des non-objecteurs, en conduisant certains à invoquer eux aussi l'objection pour les éviter. Conclusions: Les constats de l'étude mettent en lumière la nécessité d'une recherche approfondie sur les conséquences de l'objection de conscience, y compris la stigmatisation menant au refus d'assurer le service. Cette recherche aidera peutêtre, en fin de compte, à limiter l'abus du droit d'objection des cliniciens et à améliorer les soins de santé reproductive des femmes au Ghana.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced/psychology , Attitude of Health Personnel , Physicians/psychology , Refusal to Treat , Adult , Female , Ghana , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Middle Aged , Midwifery , Pregnancy
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