Update on vesicovaginal fistula: A systematic review.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), including reporting on the aetiology, in both developed and underdeveloped countries; diagnosis; intraoperative prevention; and management. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on VVF through the PubMed and the Cochrane Library according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The search was conducted from 1985 to 2018 in English, using the keywords 'fistula' and 'vesicovaginal fistula'. Prospective studies were preferred; however, retrospective studies and case reports were used when no prospective studies were available. All authors' extracted relevant data related to the proposed review of VVF and carefully examined collected articles. Results: In all, 116 relevant articles were identified and 43 articles were included in this systematic review. The outcome of surgical reconstruction was >90%, but the outcome may be suboptimal in radiotherapy (RT)-induced VVFs. Absolute indications for an abdominal approach included: ureteric involvement, the need for concomitant bladder augmentation, severe vaginal stenosis, and an inability to tolerate the dorsal lithotomy position (e.g. due to muscular spasticity). Typically, it was recommended to wait at least 3 months to allow the inflammatory response to subside before definitive surgery. Early fistula repair can be performed in the absence of infection and in patients who have not received pelvic RT. Conclusion: VVF is rare in developed countries. Surgical treatment is the primary method of repair. The outcome of surgical reconstruction exceeds 90%, but the outcome may be suboptimal in RT-induced VVFs. Abbreviations: PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; RT: radiotherapy; (S)UI: (stress) urinary incontinence; UVF: ureterovaginal fistula; VVF: vesicovaginal fistula.

Sacral neuromodulation treating chronic pelvic pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is gaining popularity as a treatment option for chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Our hypothesis is that SNM is effective in improving CPP. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted through September 2018. Peer-reviewed studies using pre- and postpain intensity scores were selected. The primary outcome was pain improvement on a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) (adjusted or de novo) in patients with CPP. Secondary outcomes included comparing SNM approaches and etiologies and evaluating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). RESULTS: Fourteen of 2175 studies, evaluating 210 patients, were eligible for further analysis. The overall VAS pain score improvement was significant [weighted mean difference (WMD) -4.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -5.22, to-3.64, p < 0.0001)]. Regarding SNM approach, both standard and caudal approaches had significant reduction in pain scores: WMD -4.32, CI 95% = -5.32, to -3.31 (p < 0.001) for the standard approach, compared with WMD -4.63, 95% CI = -6.57 to -2.69 (P < 0.001), for the caudal approach (p = 0.75). While significant improvement in pain was observed both in patients with and without interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), the observed improvement was lower in patients with (WMD -4.13, CI 95% -5.36 to -2.90 versus without (WMD -5.72, CI 95% = -6.18, to-5.27) IC/BPS (p = 0.02). SNM was effective in treating voiding symptoms (frequency, urgency, nocturia) associated with IC/BPS (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SNM is an effective therapy for CPP in both IC/BSP and non-IC/BSP patients, with better results in non-IC/BSP patients. Outcomes of the antegrade caudal approach were comparable with the standard retrograde approach.

Isolated Renal Hydatid Cyst Misdiagnosed and Operated as a Cystic Renal Tumor.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is the presentation of a case of isolated renal hydatid cyst with novel findings and an unusual surgical scenario. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: A 54-year-old female patient presented with left loin pain and a palpable left renal mass. Imaging described a well-demarcated left renal cystic lesion with a double-layer wall. Radical nephrectomy was performed due to the possibility of malignancy. On retrograde revision, the double-layer wall represented the detached germinative membrane of a hydatid cyst that was confirmed by histopathology. CONCLUSION: Isolated renal hydatid cyst could be misinterpreted as a renal tumor. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal cystic lesions.

Effect of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on ureteral stent surfaces.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone and in combination on biofilm production and pre-formed mature biofilms on ureteral stent surfaces. Two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris, recently isolated from patients undergoing ureteral stent removal and shown to be capable of biofilm production, were used in this study. The inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin, N-acetylcysteine and ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine combination were determined by static adherence assay. Ciprofloxacin (MIC and 2 MIC) and N-acetylcysteine (2 and 4 mg/ml) inhibited biofilm production by > or = 60% in all tested microorganisms. Disruption of pre-formed biofilms of all tested microorganisms was found to be > or = 78% in the presence of ciprofloxacin (MIC and 2 MIC) and > or = 62% in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (2 and 4 mg/ml), compared to controls. Ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine showed the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm production (94-100%) and the highest disruptive effect on the pre-formed biofilms (86-100%) in comparison to controls. N-acetylcysteine was found to increase the therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin by degrading the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of biofilms. These data are statistically significant. The inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin and N-acetylcysteine on biofilm production were also verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In conclusion, Ciprofloxacin/N-acetylcysteine combinations have the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm production and the highest ability to eradicate pre-formed mature biofilms.

Detection of icaA, icaD genes and biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from urinary tract catheterized patients.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococci are a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The present study evaluated biofilm forming capacity and the presence of both icaA and icaD genes among staphylococci strains isolated from patients undergoing ureteral catheterization. METHODOLOGY: Different bacterial strains were isolated from urine and stents segments collected from 100 patients. Strains were identified by traditional microbiological methods. Stents were examined for biofilm using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Staphylococcal isolates were tested for their ability to produce biofilm using the tissue culture plate assay method (TCP). The presence of icaA and icaD genes was determined by PCR technique. RESULTS: Fifty-three staphylococcal strains were isolated and identified from 284 samples (18.7%). Forty-six staphylococcal strains were isolated from stent segment cultures while only seven strains were isolated from urine samples at the day of stent removal. S. aureus represented 6.3%, and S. epidermidis represented 12.3%. Out of the 18 S. aureus strains, 15 (83.3%) were biofilm producers and out of 35 S. epidermidis strains, 31 (88.6%) were biofilm producers. Staphylococcal strains were further classified as high (56.6%), moderate (30.2%) and non biofilm producers (13.2%). All biofilm producing strains were positive for icaA and icaD genes, and all biofilm negative strains were negative for both genes. CONCLUSION: Staphylococci isolated from catheter segments showed a higher extent of biofilm production than that isolated from urine samples. All biofilm producing staphylococci were positive for icaA and icaD genes, which indicates the important role of ica genes as virulence markers in staphylococcal infections associated with urinary catheterization.