ABSTRACT
Beginning with opium itself, natural and synthetic opioids have been used as analgesics for over 8000 years and were likely abused as drugs of recreation for that long as well. However, the "opioid crisis" resulted in attempts to avoid or limit opioid analgesics in favor of other therapies and methods. Mu opioid agonists can be effective analgesics but suffer from addiction, tolerance, and dangerous, sometimes fatal, side effects. One exception to this generalization is dezocine (Dalgan), a mixed mu/kappa opioid partial agonist. Dezocine is at least as effective as morphine in reducing acute pain in animal models and clinical applications such as postoperative pain. And while dezocine was discontinued in western markets in 2011, it has become the favored opioid analgesic in China, capturing over 40% of the market. Additionally, dezocine possesses norepinephrine uptake inhibitory activity, which may synergize with mu agonism in the case of acute pain treatment and possibly endow the drug with antinociceptive activity in neuropathic pain conditions. This Innovations article summarizes the history and properties of dezocine and presents evidence and rationale for why dezocine has undergone a resurrection.
ABSTRACT
As part of an effort to identify 5-HT(1A) antagonists that did not possess typical arylalkylamine or keto/amido-alkyl aryl piperazine scaffolds, prototype compound 10a was identified from earlier work in a combined 5-HT(1A) antagonist/SSRI program. This quinolyl-piperazinyl piperidine analogue displayed potent, selective 5-HT(1A) antagonism but suffered from poor oxidative metabolic stability, resulting in low exposure following oral administration. SAR studies, driven primarily by in vitro liver microsomal stability assessment, identified compound 10b, which displayed improved oral bioavailability and lower intrinsic clearance. Further changes to the scaffold (e.g., 10r) resulted in a loss in potency. Compound 10b displayed cognitive enhancing effects in a number of animal models of learning and memory, enhanced the antidepressant-like effects of the SSRI fluoxetine, and reversed the sexual dysfunction induced by chronic fluoxetine treatment.
Subject(s)
Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Quinolines/chemical synthesis , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists , Acetylcholine/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Antidepressive Agents/chemical synthesis , Antidepressive Agents/chemistry , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Biological Availability , CHO Cells , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cognition/drug effects , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Fluoxetine/pharmacology , Hippocampus/metabolism , In Vitro Techniques , Maze Learning/drug effects , Memory/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Nootropic Agents/chemical synthesis , Nootropic Agents/chemistry , Nootropic Agents/pharmacology , Penile Erection/drug effects , Piperazines/chemistry , Piperazines/pharmacology , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacology , Quinolines/chemistry , Quinolines/pharmacology , Rats , Serotonin/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Previous studies with perzinfotel (1), a potent, selective, competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, showed it to be efficacious in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. To increase the low oral bioavailability of 1 (3-5%), prodrug derivatives (3a-h) were synthesized and evaluated. The oxymethylene-spaced diphenyl analogue 3a demonstrated good stability at acidic and neutral pH, as well as in simulated gastric fluid. In rat plasma, 3a was rapidly converted to 1 via 2a. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the amount of systemic exposure of 1 produced by a 10 mg/kg oral dose of 3a was 2.5-fold greater than that produced by a 30 mg/kg oral dose of 1. Consistent with these results, 3a was significantly more potent and had a longer duration of activity than 1 following oral administration in a rodent model of inflammatory pain. Taken together, these results demonstrate that an oxymethylene-spaced prodrug approach increased the bioavailability of 1.
Subject(s)
Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Organophosphonates/pharmacokinetics , Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Azabicyclo Compounds/administration & dosage , Bile/metabolism , Biological Availability , Diphosphonates/chemical synthesis , Diphosphonates/pharmacokinetics , Drug Stability , Gastric Juice/metabolism , Male , Organophosphonates/administration & dosage , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
A series of benzodioxanylpiperazine derivatives possessing a 4-aryl amide substituent was prepared and evaluated for 5-HT(1A) affinity and functional antagonist activity in vitro and in vivo. All of the compounds in this series possessed high affinity for the human 5-HT(1A) receptor and many displayed potent antagonist activity in vitro and varying degrees of intrinsic activity in vivo. Compound 11c (Lecozotan) was selected for further development and is currently in clinical trials.
