Development of 5-hydroxybenzothiophene derivatives as multi-kinase inhibitors with potential anti-cancer activity.

Aim: Chemoresistance in cancer challenges the classical therapeutic strategy of 'one molecule-one target'. To combat this, multi-target therapies that inhibit various cancer-relevant targets simultaneously are proposed. Methods & results: We introduce 5-hydroxybenzothiophene derivatives as effective multi-target kinase inhibitors, showing notable growth inhibitory activity across different cancer cell lines. Specifically, compound 16b, featuring a 5-hydroxybenzothiophene hydrazide scaffold, emerged as a potent inhibitor, displaying low IC50 values against key kinases and demonstrating significant anti-cancer effects, particularly against U87MG glioblastoma cells. It induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibited cell migration by modulating apoptotic markers. Conclusion: 16b represents a promising lead for developing new anti-cancer agents targeting multiple kinases with affinity to the hydroxybenzothiophene core.

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Synthesis and evaluation of novel N1-acylated 5-(4-pyridinyl)indazole derivatives as potent and selective haspin inhibitors.

Protein kinase dysregulation was strongly linked to cancer pathogenesis. Moreover, histone alterations were found to be among the most important post-translational modifications that could contribute to cancer growth and development. In this context, haspin, an atypical serine/threonine kinase, phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine-3 and is notably overexpressed in various common cancer types. Herein, we report novel 5-(4-pyridinyl)indazole derivatives as potent and selective haspin inhibitors. Amide coupling at N1 of the indazole ring with m-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid yielded compound 21 with an IC50 value of 78 nM against haspin. This compound showed a meaningful selectivity over 15 of the most common off-targets, including Clk 1-3 and Dyrk1A, 1B, and 2. The most potent haspin inhibitors 5 and 21 effectively inhibited the growth of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines, further emphasizing the success of our scaffold as a new selective lead for the development of anti-cancer therapeutic agents.

N1-Benzoylated 5-(4-pyridinyl)indazole-based kinase inhibitors: Attaining haspin and Clk4 selectivity via modulation of the benzoyl substituents.

Haspin and Clk4 are both understudied protein kinases (PKs), offering potential targets for the development of new anticancer agents. Thus, the identification of new inhibitors targeting these PKs is of high interest. However, the inhibitors targeting haspin or Clk4 developed to date show a poor selectivity profile over other closely related PKs, increasing the risk of side effects. Herein, we present two newly developed N1-benzyolated 5-(4-pyridinyl)indazole-based inhibitors (18 and 19), derived from a newly identified indazole hit. These inhibitors exhibit an exceptional inhibitory profile toward haspin and/or Clk4. Compound 18 (2-acetyl benzoyl) showed a preference to inhibit Clk4 and haspin over a panel of closely related kinases, with sixfold selectivity for Clk4 (IC50 = 0.088 and 0.542 µM, respectively). Compound 19 (4-acetyl benzoyl) showed high selectivity against haspin over the common off-target kinases (Dyrks and Clks) with an IC50 of 0.155 µM for haspin. Molecular docking studies explained the remarkable selectivity of 18 and 19, elucidating how the new scaffold can be modified to toggle between inhibition of haspin or Clk4, despite the high homology of the ATP-binding sites. Their distinguished profile allows these compounds to be marked as interesting chemical probes to assess the selective inhibition of haspin and/or Clk4.

Discovery of Hydroxybenzothiazole Urea Compounds as Multitargeted Agents Suppressing Major Cytotoxic Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Multiple factors are causally responsible and/or contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The protein kinase Dyrk1A was identified as a promising target as it phosphorylates tau protein, α-synuclein, and parkin. The first goal of our study was to optimize our previously identified Dyrk1A inhibitors of the 6-hydroxy benzothiazole urea chemotype in terms of potency and selectivity. Our efforts led to the development of the 3-fluorobenzyl amide derivative 16b, which displayed the highest potency against Dyrk1A (IC50 = 9.4 nM). In general, the diversification of the benzylamide moiety led to an enhanced selectivity over the most homologous isoform, Dyrk1B, which was a meaningful indicator, as the high selectivity could be confirmed in an extended selectivity profiling of 3b and 16b. Eventually, we identified the novel phenethyl amide derivative 24b as a triple inhibitor of Dyrk1A kinase activity (IC50 = 119 nM) and the aggregation of tau and α-syn oligomers. We provide evidence that the novel combination of selective Dyrk1A inhibition and suppression of tau and α-syn aggregations of our new lead compound confers efficacy in several established cellular models of neurotoxic mechanisms relevant to neurodegenerative diseases, including α-syn- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicities.