Impact of Probiotic B. infantis EVC001 Feeding in Premature Infants on the Gut Microbiome, Nosocomially Acquired Antibiotic Resistance, and Enteric Inflammation.

Background: Preterm birth is a major determinant of neonatal survival and morbidity, but the gut microbiome and associated enteric inflammation are also key factors in neonatal development and the risk of associated morbidities. We prospectively and longitudinally followed two cohorts of preterm infants, one of which was fed activated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 8 × 109 CFU daily, and the other was not fed a probiotic. Hospital feeding protocol assigned all infants born at <1500 g and/or < 32 weeks corrected gestational age to the probiotic feeding protocol, whereas infants born at >1500 g and/or >32 weeks corrected gestational age were not fed a probiotic. Fecal samples were opportunistically collected from 77 infants throughout the hospital stay, and subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing and quantification of enteric inflammation. De-identified metadata was collected from patient medical records. Results: The gut microbiome of preterm infants was typified by a high abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and/or Staphylococcaceae, and multivariate modeling identified the probiotic intervention, rather than degree of prematurity, day of life, or other clinical interventions, as the primary source of change in the gut microbiome. Among infants fed B. infantis EVC001, a high abundance of total Bifidobacteriaceae developed rapidly, the majority of which was B. infantis confirmed via subspecies-specific qPCR. Associated with this higher abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae, we found increased functional capacity for utilization of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as well as reduced abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the taxa that harbored them. Importantly, we found that infants fed B. infantis EVC001 exhibited diminished enteric inflammation, even when other clinical variables were accounted for using multivariate modeling. Conclusion: These results provide an important observational background for probiotic use in a NICU setting, and describe the clinical, physiological, and microbiome-associated improvements in preterm infants associated with B. infantis EVC001 feeding.

Assessment of Donkey (Equus asinus africanus) Whole Blood Stored in CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M Blood Bags.

Hemotherapy using whole blood and its components is being increasingly used in veterinary therapy. Since it is important to store animal blood while maintaining acceptable hematological, blood gas, and biochemical characteristics, increasing our knowledge of available technologies for strategic blood storage is imperative. Thus, we aimed to assess the hematological, blood gas, and biochemical changes in donkey whole blood using blood bags with two different types of storage agents. Eight adult healthy male donkeys were used; 900 mL of blood was collected from each, with 450 mL stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose and adenine bags (CPDA-1) and 450 mL stored in bags containing citrate-phosphate-dextrose, adenine, mannitol, and sodium chloride (CPD/SAG-M). Both bags were kept refrigerated between 1 and 6 °C for 42 days. Blood samples were removed from the bags eight times (T): T0 (immediately after blood collection), T1, T3, T7, T14, T21, T35, and T42 (1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35 and 42 days after storage). Hematological, blood gas, biochemical, and microbiological parameters were assessed. The CPDA-1 bags had a higher packed cell volume when compared to CPD/ SAG-M. The red blood cell count reduced by around 19% in both the bags due to hemolysis, which was confirmed by an increase in plasma hemoglobin. The white blood cell count; pH; concentrations of glucose, sodium, bicarbonate, and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate were reduced in both bags. Meanwhile, pO2, pCO2, lactate dehydrogenase, and levels of potassium increased in the CPDA-1 and CPD/SAG-M bags. Blood bags were efficient for the storage of donkey blood for up to 42 days.

Intergenerational Influence of Antenatal Betamethasone on Growth, Growth Factors, and Neurological Outcomes in Rats.

Antenatal steroids suppress growth in the fetus and newborn. Although weight deficits are regained by weaning, studies show that intrauterine growth restriction with postnatal "catch-up" growth is a risk factor for hypertension, insulin resistance, and ischemic heart disease in adult life, with multigenerational consequences. We tested the hypothesis that fetal exposure to betamethasone suppresses fetal growth in the F1 pups and their untreated F2 offspring. Timed pregnant rats received a single two-dose course of intramuscular betamethasone (0.25 mg/kg/day) on days 17 and 18 of gestation. Matched controls received equivalent volumes sterile normal saline. The first-generation (F1) offspring were studied at term, P21, and P70, or mated at P60 to produce the following subgroups: (1) saline male/saline female (SM/SF), (2) betamethasone (B) male/BFemale (BM/BF), (3) BM/SF, and (4) SM/BF. The unexposed second-generation (F2) offspring were examined at birth and P70. Growth, neurological outcomes, and growth factors were determined. At birth, the F1 pups exposed to B were significantly growth suppressed compared with the controls, with correspondingly lower blood glucose, insulin, IGF-I, corticosterone, and leptin levels and delayed neurological outcomes. Catchup growth occurred at P21, surpassing that of the control group. By P70, growth was comparable, but glucose was higher, insulin was lower, and memory was retarded in the B group, and transmitted to the unexposed F2 offspring of B-exposed rats. Antenatal betamethasone has sustained metabolic and neurological effects that may impact the unexposed offspring. Whether these intergenerational effects reverse in future generations remain to be determined.

Conocimiento de adultos jóvenes sobre el accidente cerebrovascular en una ciudad del sur de Portugal / Young adult's knowledge about stroke in a Portuguese south town / Conhecimento de adultos jovens sobre o acidente vascular cerebral numa cidade ao sul de Portugal

Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento de adultos jóvenes sobre el accidente cerebrovascular. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, en ambiente no-clínico. Muestra de conveniencia de adultos. A través de los niños de las escuelas de la ciudad de Évora, se pidió la participación de las figuras parentales. Los aspectos éticos fueron respetados. Cuestionario de auto rellenado devuelto pasado una semana. Resultados: Participaron 147 hombres (44.5%), 183 mujeres (55.5%), con la edad media de 42.25 años (DP=5.00). El comportamiento de riesgo más referido para el accidente cerebrovascular es el tabaquismo (56.5%), siguiéndo la hipertensión (28.8%) y la hipercolesterolemia (28.8%). Las principales fuentes de información son la televisión (93,2%) y los amigos (89,4%). En la ayuda inmediata, las actitudes de los participantes serían en la mayoría incorrectas, existiendo un desfase entre el conocimiento y la respectiva actuación. Conclusiones: Existen entre los participantes comportamientos de riesgo observados en otros estudios con población de personas mayores. Los resultados detectan déficit de alfabetización en salud. Será urgente el desarrollo de proyectos que informen y ejemplifiquen, los riesgos de los comportamientos. La actuación ante la persona con accidente cerebrovascular, debe ser objeto de enseñanza y de entrenamiento al ciudadano. La divulgación de información sobre accidente cerebrovascular es urgente en la región. Los adultos jóvenes, como educadores, pueden intervenir para disminuir los casos en la generación de sus hijos

Aim: To analyze the knowledge of young adults about stroke. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional study in a non-clinical environment. Convenience simple. Through the elementary school of Evora, parental figures were asked to participate. Ethical aspects were respected. Self-fill questionnaire returned after one week. Results: 147 men (44.5%) participated, 183 women (55.5%), with a mean age of 42.25 years (SD = 5.00). The most commonly reported risk behavior for stroke is smoking (56.5%), followed by hypertension (28.8%) and hypercholesterolemia (28.8%). The main sources of information are television (93.2%) and friends (89.4%). In immediate witness assistance, the attitudes of the participants would be mostly incorrect. There is a gap between knowledge and the respective action. Conclusions: there is a risk behavior, observed also among other studies, with a population of older people. The results show a lack of literacy in health. It will be urgent to develop projects that inform and exemplify the risks of behavior. The performance of the person with stroke must be taught and trained to the citizen. The dissemination of information about stroke is urgent in the region. Young adults, as educators, can intervene to reduce cases in the generation of their children

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento de jovens adultos sobre o AVC. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, em ambiente não clínico. Amostra de conveniência de adultos. Através das crianças das escolas da cidade de Évora, foi solicitada a participação das figuras parentais. Os aspetos éticos foram respeitados. Questionário de auto-preenchimento com retorno após uma semana. Resultados: Participaram 147 homens (44,5%), 183 mulheres (55,5%), com idade média de 42,25 anos (DP = 5,00). O comportamento de risco mais referido ao acidente vascular cerebral é o tabagismo (56,5%), seguido da hipertensão (28,8%) e hipercolesterolemia (28,8%). As principais fontes de informação são televisão (93,2%) e amigos (89,4%). Na ajuda imediata das vitimas, as atitudes dos participantes seriam em sua maioria incorretas, existindo uma lacuna entre o conhecimento e o respetivo desempenho. Conclusões: Existem comportamentos de risco entre os participantes, que são observados em outros estudos, mas com população de idosos. Os resultados detetam carência na literacia em saúde. Será urgente o desenvolvimento de projetos que informem e exemplifiquem os riscos dos comportamentos. A ação perante a pessoa vítima de acidente vascular cerebral, deve ser objeto de educação e treino do cidadão. A informação sobre a temática é urgente na região. Jovens adultos, comoeducadores, pode intervir para reduzir os casos na geração dos filhos

Combined antenatal and postnatal steroid effects on fetal and postnatal growth, and neurological outcomes in neonatal rats.

Preterm infants are often exposed to both antenatal and postnatal glucocorticoids (GCs). We tested the hypothesis that combined antenatal and postnatal GCs have long-lasting adverse effects on fetal and neonatal growth, growth factors, and neurological outcomes. Pregnant rats were administered a single IM dose of betamethasone (0.2 mg/Kg, AB), dexamethasone (0.2 mg/Kg, AD), or equivalent volumes of saline (AS) at 17 & 18 days gestation. Following delivery, pups from each treatment group were sacrificed at P0, and the remainder was treated with a single IM dose of either betamethasone (0.25 mg/Kg, PB), dexamethasone (0.25 mg/Kg, PD), or equivalent volumes of saline (PS) on P5, P6, and P7. Somatic growth, neurological status, and growth factors were determined at P14, P21, and P45. At birth, AD resulted in decreased somatic growth. AB advanced the hopping reflex associated with spinal rhythmic mechanisms. At P21, all GC groups were growth suppressed, but only the AS/PD group had deficits in brain weight and delayed plantar reflex associated with brainstem function. By P45, sustained reductions in body and brain weight occurred all combined antenatal and postnatal GC groups, as well as elevated ACTH and corticosterone. Retardation in plantar reflex occurred in all AD groups. IGF-I, GH and insulin levels were elevated at all ages with dexamethasone. Combined antenatal and postnatal GCs has persistent detrimental lasting effects on growth, growth factors, neurological outcomes, and HPA axis activity. Whether these effects persist in adult life and are risk factors for insulin resistance, remains to be elucidated.

Reactive Oxygen Species, Biomarkers of Microvascular Maturation and Alveolarization, and Antioxidants in Oxidative Lung Injury.

The lungs of extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) are deficient in pulmonary surfactant and are incapable of efficient gas exchange necessary for successful transition from a hypoxic intrauterine environment to ambient air. To improve gas exchange and survival, ELGANs often receive supplemental oxygen with mechanical ventilation which disrupts normal lung developmental processes, including microvascular maturation and alveolarization. Factors that regulate these developmental processes include vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases, both of which are influenced by generation of oxygen byproducts, or reactive oxygen species (ROS). ELGANs are also deficient in antioxidants necessary to scavenge excessive ROS. Thus, the accumulation of ROS in the preterm lungs exposed to prolonged hyperoxia, results in inflammation and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a form of chronic lung disease (CLD). Despite advances in neonatal care, BPD/CLD remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, and the benefits of current therapeutic interventions are limited. The association between ROS and biomarkers of microvascular maturation and alveolarization, as well as antioxidant therapies in the setting of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury are reviewed in this article.

Dose response effects of postnatal hydrocortisone on growth and growth factors in the neonatal rat.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hydrocortisone (HC), at different dosages, is used in critically ill newborns for lung stability, blood pressure support, and prevention of chronic lung disease (CLD). Its long-term effects on postnatal growth are not well studied. We hypothesized that early exposure to high doses of HC adversely affects growth, growth factors, metabolic hormones, and neurological outcomes, persisting in adulthood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Rat pups received a single daily intramuscular dose of HC (1 mg/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, or 10 mg/kg/day on days 3, 4 & 5 postnatal age (P3, P4, P5). Age-matched controls received equivalent volume saline. Body weight, linear growth, and neurological outcomes were monitored. Animals were sacrificed at P21, P45, and P70 for blood glucose, insulin, IGF-I, GH, leptin, and corticosterone levels. Liver mRNA expression of IGFs and IGFBPs were determined at P21 and P70. Memory and learning abilities were tested using the Morris water maze test at P70. RESULTS: HC suppressed body weight and length at P12, P21 and P45, but by P70 there was catchup overgrowth in the 5 and 10 mg/kg/day groups. At P70 blood insulin, IGF-I, GH, and leptin levels were low, whereas blood glucose, and liver IGFs and IGFBPs were high in the high dose groups. High HC also caused delayed memory and learning abilities at P70. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that while higher doses of HC may be required for hemodynamic stability and prevention of CLD, these doses may result in growth deficits, as well as neurological and metabolic sequelae in adulthood.

Microbiological quality of honey from stingless bee, jandaíra (Melipona subnitida), from the semiarid region of Brazil / Qualidade microbiológica do mel da abelha sem ferrão jandaíra (Melipona subnitida) da região semi-árida do Brasil

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in honey produced by the stingless bee (SB) jandaíra (Melipona subnitida) from the semiarid region of Brazil. Thirty-five samples were analyzed and all of them were positive for mesophilic bacteria, coliforms at 45°C, fungi, and yeast. Staphylococcus spp. were identified in 85.7%, while Bacillus spp. were detected in 34.3% of honey samples. DNAs of Clostridium perfringens and C. botulinum were detected in 40% and 2.8% of the samples, respectively. Salmonella spp. and C. difficile were not detected. The present research revealed a great diversity of microorganisms in honey produced by jandaíra.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de microrganismos no mel produzido pela abelha sem ferrão jandaíra (Melipona subnitida). Trinta e cinco amostras foram avaliadas e todas foram positivas para bactérias mesofílicas, coliformes a 45 ºC, fungos e leveduras. Staphylococcus spp. foi identificado em 85,7% enquanto Bacillus foi detectado em 34,3% das amostras de mel. Clostridium perfringens e C. botulinum foram detectados em 40% e 2,8% das amostras respectivamente. Salmonella spp. e C. difficile não foram detectados. O presente trabalho revelou uma grande diversidade de microrganismos no mel produzido por jandaíra.

Qualidade microbiológica de carne bovina comercializada na forma de bife / Microbiological quality of beef marketed in steak form

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de bifes de carne bovina. Para tanto, 60 amostras de bifes de carne bovina foram coletadas, em diferentes estabelecimentos comerciais localizados em oito diferentes municípios no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e transportadas em caixas isotérmicas, ao Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal da UFERSA. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas para a contagem de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos e psicrotróficos, contagem de Staphylococcus sp., determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além da pesquisa de Salmonella ssp. A contagem de aeróbios mesófilos variou de 4,85 a > 7,40 log10UFC/g. Na análise de psicrotróficos, 50 amostras obtiveram contagens superiores a 7,4 log10UFC/g. A contagem de Staphyloccocus sp. foi superior a 3 log10UFC/g em 77% das amostras. A maioria das amostras apresentou número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes elevado. A presença de Salmonella ssp. foi detectada em amostras de cinco estabelecimentos. Assim, verificou-se que os bifes avaliados apresentaram baixa qualidade microbiológica, podendo representar riscos à saúde do consumidor.

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of beef steaks. Therefore, 60 samples of beef steaks were collected in different outlets located in eight different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and transported in cool boxes, the Inspection Laboratory Animal Origin of UFERSA products. Were analyzed for microbiological for the count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and pscicrotróficos, Staphylococcus sp count., Determining the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms, besides the research of Salmonella ssp. The mesophilic aerobic counts ranged from 4,84 to > 7,40 log10CFU/ g. In psychrotrophic analysis, 50 samples had counts exceeding 7,40 log10CFU/ g. The count of Staphylococcus sp. was greater than 3 log10CFU/ g in 77% of samples. Most samples showed most probable number of coliforms and thermotolerant high. The presence of Salmonella ssp. was detected in five samples establishments. Thus, it was found that the evaluated steaks showed low microbiological quality and can pose risks to consumer health.

Avaliação microbiológica de carne de charque produzida industrialmente / Microbiological evaluation of industrially produced charqui meat

O charque é um produto cárneo salgado e seco ao Sol obtido por desidratação da carne bovina, preservando-se, assim, por longo tempo. Apesar de passar por etapas que dificultam o crescimento de micro-organismos, pode ser contaminado durante o seu processamento. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar microbiologicamente 25 amostras de charque de um frigorífico com serviço de inspeção estadual localizado no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à contagem de estafilococos coagulase positiva, NMP de coliformes termotolerantes, Salmonella spp. e contagem de bactérias halofílicas. Avaliando a qualidade microbiológica da carne de charque, verificaram-se que cinco amostras (20%) encontravam-se em desacordo com a legislação vigente (ANVISA) para análises de estafilococos coagulase positiva, apresentando uma variação de 1,38 a 3,93 UFC/g; todas as amostras estavam em conformidade para coliformes termotolerantes. Quanto à determinação da Salmonella spp., verificou-se sua presença em sete amostras (28%), e para bactérias halofílicas, uma média de 2,25 UFC/g. Assim, as carnes de charque apresentaram micro-organismos que comprometem a qualidade do produto e podem proporcionar risco ao consumidor.(AU)

Charqui is a salted and sun dried meat product, obtained by the dehydration of beef, thus being preserved for a long time. Despite going through steps which hamper microorganisms' growth, it can be contaminated during the processing stages. Therefore, this study was aimed at microbiologically evaluating 25 samples of charqui meat taken from a slaughterhouse in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Samples were analyzed as to the counts of coagulase-positive staphylococci, the MPN of thermotolerant coliforms, the presence of Salmonella spp., and the counts of halophilic bacteria. By evaluating the microbiological quality of charqui meat, we observed that five samples (20%) were off legal standards (ANVISA) as to coagulase positive staphylococci, with counts ranging from 1.38 to 3.93 CFU/g, and all samples were within patterns for the thermotolerant coliform count. The presence of Salmonella spp. was observed in seven samples (28%), and the average count of halophilic bacteria was of 2.25 CFU/g. Thus, charqui meat presents microorganisms which compromise the quality of products and put the consumer's health at risk.(AU)

Fraude em leite: métodos de detecção e implicações para o consumidor / Adulteration of milk: Methods of detection and implications for consumer

A qualidade do leite consumido no Brasil é uma constante preocupação de técnicos e autoridades ligadas às áreas de saúde e de laticínios. Considerando-se a importância do leite na alimentação humana, é preciso ter conhecimento e fazer averiguação das metodologias empregadas para identificar as fraudes no leite,bem como realizar aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de detecção, com o intuito de garantir a sua autenticidade.Desta forma, este artigo tem por finalidade relatar as principais fraudes de leite evidenciadas, e de acordo com os métodos de detecção utilizados...

Avaliação da qualidade da carne-de-sol produzida artesanalmente / Quality evaluation of artisanal sun-dried meat (carne-de-sol)

Neste estudo foram avaliados os parâmetros de qualidade da carne-de-sol produzida artesanalmente e comercializada no Rio Grande do Norte. Foram coletadas 80 amostras de carne-de-sol, sendo 44 de feiras livres ou mercados públicos e 36 de supermercados ou frigoríficos em cinco cidades do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras foram submetidas às análises físico-químicas (pH, atividade de água, cinzas e umidade) e microbiológicas (Salmonella spp., coliformes termotolerantes e bactérias halofílicas e Staphylococcus aureus);e as cepas de S. aureus foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA). Um total de 96,25 % das amostras apresentaram contagem microbiana maior do que o permitido pela legislação brasileira para contagem de S. aureus (μ=4,81 LogUFC/g, em 78,75 % das amostras), Salmonella spp. (presença em 25% das amostras) e coliformes termotolerantes (μ = 2,36 LogNMP/g, em 63,75 % das amostras). Quanto ao TSA das cepas de S. aureus, 22,5 % apresentaram resistência à gentamicina e para penicilina G, tetraciclina e cloranfenicol foram, respectivamente, 100 %, 67,5 % e 46,26 %. Nas análises físico-químicas, o pH (μ= 5,702) e a Aa (μ = 0,868) não constituíram barreiras eficazes contra o crescimento microbiano, o que constata que a carne de sol produzida e comercializada na região estudada apresenta-se imprópria para o consumo de acordo com a legislação brasileira...

Aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos do queijo tipo coalho comercializado em estados do nordeste do Brasil / Physical-chemical and microbiological aspects of the rennet cheese sold in the Northeast States of Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil das características físico-químicas e microbiológicas dos queijos de coalho comercializados em seis estados do nordeste brasileiro. Foram realizadas análises físico-química e microbiológica de 104 amostras de queijo de coalho comercializadas nos estados de Pernambuco, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe e Paraíba, sendo 50 amostras inspecionadas e 54 sem inspeção. Não foi observada diferença significativa (p > 0,05) para os parâmetros físico-químicos entre as amostras. De acordo com os parâmetros legislativos, nas 104 amostras analisadas de queijos tipo coalho, verificaram-se que 100 (96,15%) estavam fora dos limites para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; 32 amostras (31%) também não seguiam a padronização exigida para coliformes termotolerantes; e, em apenas uma amostra do total, constatou-se a presença de Salmonella sp. Não foi observada diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre as amostras com e sem inspeção para as análises microbiológicas. A semelhança encontrada na avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos do queijo de coalho entre os estados avaliados demonstra uniformidade no processamento desse produto. Altos níveis de contaminação por agentes patogênicos, como o Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e coliformes termotolerantes, além da presença de Salmonella sp., demonstram que o consumo de queijo de coalho pode representar risco à saúde dos consumidores.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical and microbiological profile of the rennet cheese sold in six states in northeastern Brazil. Physical-chemical and microbiological analyses of 104 samples of rennet cheese sold in the states of Pernambuco, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Sergipe were analyzed, being 50 samples inspected and 54 without inspection. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) for physical-chemical parameters between samples. In accordance with the parameters of the legislation, in the 104 examined samples of rennet cheese, it was observed that 100 (96.15%) were outside the limits for Staphylococcus coagulase positive; 32 samples (31%) did not follow the standardization required for coliforms; and only one sample showed the presence of Salmonella sp. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between samples with and without inspection for microbiological analyses. The similarity found in the assessment of physical-chemical parameters of rennet cheese between the evaluated states demonstrates uniformity in the processing of this product. High levels of contamination by pathogens such as Staphylococcus coagulase positive and thermo-tolerant coliforms, as well as the presence of Salmonella sp., demonstrate that the consumption of rennet cheese may present a health risk for consumers.(AU)

Estilos de fé e sentido da vida / Style of faith and meaning of life

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os estilos de fé e relacioná-los com os níveis de religiosidade e vazio existencial. Para tanto, utilizou-se como principal referencial teórico a análise existencial de Viktor Frankl, que compreende a religiosidade como uma vontade de sentido último para a vida. A amostra foi constituída por 25 pessoas com idade média de 31 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste Propósito de Vida (PIL-Test), de James C. Crumbauch e Leonard T. Maholick, um questionário de atitude religiosa e seis perguntas da entrevista sobre o desenvolvimento da fé, originalmente elaborada por James W. Fowler. Pormeio de análise de conteúdo foi possível identificar categorias pertinentes as concepções de Deus; o que faz a vida significante; crenças, valores e compromissos; momentos de comunhãoou harmonia com Deus ou com o universo; propósito da vida e o que é uma pessoa religiosa. Os resultados foram discutidos a luz da logoterapia e análise existencial de Viktor Frankl.(AU)

The present paper attempts identify the stiles of faith and yours relationships with religiosity and existential emptiness levels. Then, the reference principal was the existential analyses of Viktor Frankl, this theory understand the religiosity as search for ultimate meaning of life. The sample was of 25 participants with mean age of 31 years. The instruments used were Purpose in Life Test of James C. Crumbauch e Leonard T. Maholick, an inventory of religiosity attitude and the interview of the development of faith, of James W. Fowler. The results of the content analyses indicated types of God conceptions, what makes life meaningful; beliefs, values and commitments; moments of communion or harmony with God or the universe, purpose of life and what is a religious person. These results were discussed based on logotherapyand existential analyses of Viktor Frankl.(AU)

Estilos de fé e sentido da vida / Style of faith and meaning of life

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os estilos de fé e relacioná-los com os níveis de religiosidade e vazio existencial. Para tanto, utilizou-se como principal referencial teórico a análise existencial de Viktor Frankl, que compreende a religiosidade como uma vontade de sentido último para a vida. A amostra foi constituída por 25 pessoas com idade média de 31 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste Propósito de Vida (PIL-Test), de James C. Crumbauch e Leonard T. Maholick, um questionário de atitude religiosa e seis perguntas da entrevista sobre o desenvolvimento da fé, originalmente elaborada por James W. Fowler. Pormeio de análise de conteúdo foi possível identificar categorias pertinentes as concepções de Deus; o que faz a vida significante; crenças, valores e compromissos; momentos de comunhãoou harmonia com Deus ou com o universo; propósito da vida e o que é uma pessoa religiosa. Os resultados foram discutidos a luz da logoterapia e análise existencial de Viktor Frankl.

The present paper attempts identify the stiles of faith and yours relationships with religiosity and existential emptiness levels. Then, the reference principal was the existential analyses of Viktor Frankl, this theory understand the religiosity as search for ultimate meaning of life. The sample was of 25 participants with mean age of 31 years. The instruments used were Purpose in Life Test of James C. Crumbauch e Leonard T. Maholick, an inventory of religiosity attitude and the interview of the development of faith, of James W. Fowler. The results of the content analyses indicated types of God conceptions, what makes life meaningful; beliefs, values and commitments; moments of communion or harmony with God or the universe, purpose of life and what is a religious person. These results were discussed based on logotherapyand existential analyses of Viktor Frankl.

O significado da morte de pacientes para profissionais de enfermagem / The meaning of the patients death for nursing professionals / El significado de muerte de pacientes para los profesionales de enfermería

Objetivo: conhecer o significado da morte de pacientes para a equipe de enfermagem. Metodologia: trata-se de estudocom abordagem qualitativa, realizado no Hospital Regional de Cajazeiras. Os critérios para a seleção dos sujeitos foram:ser profissional da equipe de enfermagem, atuar na unidade de terapia intensiva, emergência ou enfermarias. Foramentrevistados 10 enfermeiros e 15 técnicos de enfermagem, utilizando um roteiro semi-estruturado. Realizou-se a análisetemática para organização e interpretação dos dados. O projeto foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa daFaculdade Santa Maria, sob o número de protocolo 2350309. Resultados: geraram-se as categorias: o significado da mortepara os profissionais da Enfermagem; a Enfermagem diante da família no processo de luto; a equipe de enfermagem e ocorpo após o óbito. Conclusão: percebe-se, que para alguns profissionais, a morte é um processo natural, para outros umnovo começo, uma passagem, contudo, um momento difícil que remete à perda, à insuficiência e à impotência. Hádificuldade no processo de comunicação do óbito e conforto aos familiares.(AU)

Objective: to assess the death meaning of patients for nursing staff. Methodology: this is about a qualitative study, conducted at the Regional Hospital of Cajazeiras city, Paraíba state, Brazil. The criteria for subjects selection were professional nursing staff, working in the intensive care unit, emergency or inpatient units. It were interviewed 25 nursing staff (10 nurses and 15 nursing technicians) using a semi-structured interview. We performed a thematic analysis for organizing and interpreting data. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Santa Maria, under protocol number 2350309. Results: they generated the categories: the meaning of death for professionals in nursing, nursing in front of the family in the grieving process, the nursing staff and the body after death. Conclusion: it is noticed that for some professionals, death is a natural process, for others a new beginning, a passage, but always a difficult time referring to the loss, failure and impotence. There is difficulty in the communication process of death and comfort to families.(AU)

Objetivo: conocer el significado de la muerte de pacientes para el personal de enfermería. Metodología: Este estudio toma un enfoque cualitativo, realizado en el Hospital Regional de Cajazeiras. Los criterios de selección fueron: los trabajadores de enfermería, de unidades de cuidados intensivos, salas de emergencia y unidad de internación. Entrevistamos 10 enfermeros y 15 técnicos de enfermería con un guión semi-estructurado. Se utilizó el análisis temático para organizar e interpretar los datos. El proyecto fue presentado al Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Santa María, protocolo 2350309. Resultados: El análisis de datos generaron las categorías: el significado de la muerte para los profesionales de enfermería, la enfermería frente a la familia en el proceso de luto, el personal de enfermería y el cuerpo después de la muerte. Conclusión: Se observa que, para algunos profesionales, la muerte es un proceso natural, para otros un nuevo comienzo, un pasaje, sin embargo, un momento difícil, que se refiere a la pérdida, el fracaso, impotencia. Hay dificultad en el proceso de comunicación de la muerte y la comodidad a las familias.(AU)

Early postnatal dexamethasone influences matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and their tissue inhibitors in the developing rat lung.

In order to test the hypothesis that early postnatal exposure to dexamethasone (Dex) influences matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2) in the developing rat lung, newborn rats (3 litters/group) were treated with low Dex (0.1 mg/kg/day, IM), high Dex (0.5 mg/kg/day), or equivalent volumes of saline at 5 days postnatal age (P5), P6, and P7. Lung weight and lung MMP and TIMP levels were determined at sacrifice (7 days postinjection, P14; at weaning, P21; and at adolescence, P45, n = 10/group and time). Dex did not adversely affect lung weight or lung MMP-2 levels, which peaked in all groups at P21 and then fell by P45. In contrast, Dex decreased TIMP-2 at all time intervals, but achieved statistical significance only at P45. An imbalance in MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio was noted at P21, with elevations occurring in the low and high Dex-treated groups. Lung MMP-9 levels remained comparable with controls during low Dex treatment. However, high Dex exposure resulted in elevated lung MMP-9 levels at P21 and P45. Lung TIMP-1 levels increased only with high Dex exposure at P14 and P21, whereas the lung MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was elevated at P21 in the high Dex group, and at P45 in both Dex-treated groups. These data provide evidence that early postnatal dexamethasone results in an imbalance between gelatinase-A and -B, and their tissue inhibitors in the developing rat lung. These changes may be responsible, in part, for some of the known maturational effects of steroids on lung structure in the newborn.

Displasias e Carcinoma "in situ": estudo analítico / Dysplasias and carcinoma \"in situ\": analitics study

As autoras estudam as lesöes precursoras do câncer da cérvice uterina - as displasias e o carcinoma in situ. Descrevem a evoluçäo de conhecimento destas alteraçöes, reconhecidas histologicamente desde o início do século. Analisam os aspectos citológicos em seus exames, correlacionando-os com a histopatologia. Relatam a experiência do seu Serviço com o diagnóstico e o tratamento destas lesöes. Concluem ser a colpocitologia bem orientada o melhor método de rastreamento do câncer inicial e controle das pacientes tratadas e a conizaçäo cervical o tratamento da escolha nas displasias acentuadas, mas insuficiente para o tratamento de carcinoma in situ