Physical exercise as a friend not a foe in acute kidney diseases through immune system modulation.

Regular and moderate exercise is being used for therapeutic purposes in treating several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and even chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Conversely, extenuating physical exercise has long been pointed out as one of the sources of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to its severe impact on the body's physiology. AKI development is associated with increased tubular necrosis, which initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses. The latter involves cytokine production, immune cell (macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, among others) activation, and increased oxidative stress. AKI can induce prolonged fibrosis stimulation, leading to CKD development. The need for therapeutic alternative treatments for AKI is still a relevant issue. In this context arises the question as to whether moderate, not extenuating, exercise could, on some level, prevent AKI. Several studies have shown that moderate exercise can help reduce tissue damage and increase the functional recovery of the kidneys after an acute injury. In particular, the immune system can be modulated by exercise, leading to a better recovery from different pathologies. In this review, we aimed to explore the role of exercise not as a trigger of AKI, but as a modulator of the inflammatory/immune system in the prevention or recovery from AKI in different scenarios. In AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion, sepsis, diabetes, antibiotics, or chemotherapy, regular and/or moderate exercise could modulate the immune system toward a more regulatory immune response, presenting, in general, an anti-inflammatory profile. Exercise was shown to diminish oxidative stress, inflammatory markers (caspase-3, lactate dehydrogenase, and nitric oxide), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), modulate lymphocytes to an immune suppressive phenotype, and decrease tumor necrosis factor-ß (TGF-ß), a cytokine associated with fibrosis development. Thus, it creates an AKI recovery environment with less tissue damage, hypoxia, apoptosis, or fibrosis. In conclusion, the practice of regular moderate physical exercise has an impact on the immune system, favoring a regulatory and anti-inflammatory profile that prevents the occurrence of AKI and/or assists in the recovery from AKI. Moderate exercise should be considered for patients with AKI as a complementary therapy.

Suspected Germline TP53 Variants and Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential: Lessons Learned From a Molecular Tumor Board.

OBJECTIVE: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a pan-cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline pathogenic variants in the gene TP53. The interpretation of TP53 variants in clinical scenarios outside the classic LFS criteria may be challenging. Here, we report a patient affected by 2 primary cancers at later ages, who harbored a likely pathogenic TP53 at low allele frequency detected in a blood sample. METHODS: The Molecular Tumor Board committee at our institution revisited the case of a patient who was enrolled in a research protocol for the investigation of genetic conditions associated with neuroendocrine tumors. Clinical, familial, and molecular data were reviewed. The patient received germline testing using a next generation sequencing multi-gene panel and was incidentally found to harbor a TP53 likely pathogenic variant, with 22% of variant allele fraction. Additional samples, including a second blood sample, oral swab, and saliva, were collected for DNA analysis. A new TP53 sequencing round was performed with the attempt to distinguish between a true constitutional germline variant and a somatically acquired variant due to aberrant clonal expansion of bone marrow precursors. RESULTS: Patient's personal and familial history of cancer did not meet classic nor Chompret LFS criteria. Environmental risk factors for cancer were identified, such as alcohol abuse and tobacco exposure. The TP53 variant initially found in the next-generation sequencing was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the previous DNA sample extracted from blood for the first analysis and in a second blood sample collected 6 years later. The TP53 variant was not detected in the DNA extracted from the oral swab and saliva samples. CONCLUSION: Considering the low TP53 variant allele fraction in blood, absence of variant detection in oral swab and saliva samples, the lack of LFS clinical criteria, and history of exposure to environmental risk factors for cancer, the main hypothesis for this case was aberrant clonal expansion due to clonal hematopoiesis. Oncologists should interpret TP53 findings during germline testing with caution.

Case Report: A Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Teenager With Angelman Syndrome.

Teenagers generally present mild to no symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the present report, we present the case of a 14-year-old boy with Angelman syndrome (AS) who presented with severe COVID-19 symptoms. He spent 20 days in the ICU with elevated inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and D-dimer) and increased peaks of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, which is uncommon for teenagers diagnosed with COVID-19. Although he showed physiological instability, he was able to produce neutralizing antibodies, suggesting a functional immune response. The literature concerning the immune response to infections in patients with AS is still poor, and to our knowledge, this was the first report of a patient with AS diagnosed with COVID-19. As such, the present study may alert other patients with AS or other rare diseases that they lack a competent immune response and could suffer severe consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional de pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório perioperatório do Distrito Federal / Evaluation of the functional capacity of patients attended in a perioperative outpatient clinic of the Federal District / Evaluación de la capacidad funcional de pacientes atendidos en un ambulatorio perioperatorio del Distrito Federal

Objetivo: Identificar a capacidade funcional de pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de avaliação perioperatória do Hospital Regional do Gama (APA-HRG), no Distrito Federal, bem como estabelecer relação com as estratificações cardíacas utilizadas. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, com coleta de dados dos registros nos prontuários das consultas pré-operatórias de 292 pacientes triados como alto risco, executadas por equipe de médicos anestesiologistas e enfermeiros, realizadas no APA-HRG no período de junho de 2014 a junho de 2016. Resultados: O perfil da amostra constituiu-se, em sua maioria, por indivíduos do gênero feminino (78,77%), maiores de 60 anos (48,35%), não obesos (69,44%), encaminhados principalmente pela clínica ginecológica (39,79%), diagnosticados com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (44,17%) e tabagistas (12,67%). A capacidade funcional foi classificada como excelente em 63,18% (>10 equivalentes metabólicos) dos pacientes. Foi constatada associação significativa entre os equivalentes metabólicos e as estratificações da American Society of Anesthesiologists, do Índice de Risco Cardíaco Revisado e da Classificação Funcional da New York Heart Association. Conclusão: A maioria dos prontuários analisados era de pacientes com excelente capacidade funcional, apresentando associação significativa com as estratificações estudadas.

Objective: To identify the functional capacity of patients attended at the perioperative evaluation outpatient clinic of the Regional Hospital of Gama (APA-HRG), Federal District, as well as establish relationship with the cardiac stratifications employed. Method: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study with data collection of records from preoperative consultations of 292 patients screened as high risk, performed by a team of medical anesthesiologists and nurses, performed in the APA-HRG in the period from June 2014 to June 2016. Results: The sample profile consisted, for the most part, of female subjects (78.77%), of over 60 years of age (48.35%), not obese (69.44%), referred mainly by the gynecological clinic (39.79%), diagnosed with systemic arterial hypertension (44.17%) and smokers (12.67%). Functional capacity was classified as excellent in 63.18% (>10 metabolic equivalents) of patients. There was a significant association between the metabolic equivalents and the stratification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the Functional Classification of the New York Heart Association. Conclusion: Most of the charts analyzed were of patients with excellent functional capacity, presenting a significant association with the stratifications studied.

Objetivo: Identificar la capacidad funcional de pacientes atendidos en el ambulatorio de evaluación perioperatoria del Hospital Regional do Gama (APA-HRG), en el Distrito Federal, así como establecer relación con las estratificaciones cardíacas utilizadas. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, con colecta de datos de los registros en los historiales médicos de las consultas preoperatorias de 292 pacientes seleccionados como alto riesgo, ejecutadas por equipo de médicos anestesistas y enfermeros, realizadas en el APA-HRG en el período de junio de 2014 a junio de 2016. Resultados: El perfil de la muestra se constituye, en su mayoría, por individuos del género femenino (78,77%), mayores de 60 años (48,35%), no obesos (69,44%), encaminados principalmente por la clínica ginecológica (39,79%), diagnosticados con hipertensión arterial sistémica (44,17%) y tabaquistas (12,67%). La capacidad funcional fue clasificada como excelente en un 63,18% (>10 equivalentes metabólicos) de los pacientes. Fue constatada asociación significativa entre los equivalentes metabólicos y las estratificaciones de la American Society of Anesthesiologists, del Índice de Riesgo Cardíaco Revisado y de la Clasificación Funcional de la New York Heart Association. Conclusión: La mayoría de los historiales médicos analizados era de pacientes con excelente capacidad funcional, presentando asociación significativa con las estratificaciones estudiadas.

Perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes obesos de um serviço ambulatorial de avaliação perioperatória / Clinical and epidemiological profile of obese patients from a pre-operative outpatient evaluation clinic / Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de pacientes obesos de un servicio ambulatorio de evaluación perioperatoria

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes obesos de um serviço ambulatorial de avaliação perioperatória, realizado por enfermeiros e anestesiologistas, baseado em estratificações e avaliações do risco cardíaco. Método: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, composto por dados de 292 pacientes consultados pelo serviço ambulatorial de avaliação perioperatória, em que 88 foram identificados com obesidade. Foram analisadas variáveis demográficas, antropométricas (por índice de massa corporal ­ IMC), clínicas e cardíacas pelo teste do χ2. Resultados: Entre os pacientes, 30% eram obesos, dos quais 91% eram do sexo feminino. Em relação à presença de comorbidades, 50% eram portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e 22% a tinham associada ao diabetes mellitus (DM). Foi verificada prevalência de ASA P2 (74%) e alto risco para tromboembolismo venoso (63%); em relação aos riscos cardíacos pelo ACP (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ­ ACP, modificado por Detsky), a maioria (74%) foi estratificada como risco intermediário. Conclusão: A significativa incidência de comorbidades constatada acusa a necessidade de utilizar estratégias multiprofissionais na assistência perioperatória, voltadas para a população obesa, sendo possível identificar vulnerabilidades e diminuir riscos aos quais o indivíduo está sujeito, ao submeter-se a procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of obese patients from a pre-operative outpatient evaluation clinic, performed by nurses and anesthesiologists based on cardiac risk assessment and stratification. Method: A descriptive, retrospective study, consisting of 292 patients consulted in the pre- -operative outpatient evaluation clinic, in which 88 were identified as obese. Demographic, anthropometric (by body mass index - BMI), clinical and cardiac variables were analyzed using the χ2 test. Results: 30% of the patients were obese, of which 91% were female. Regarding the presence of comorbidities, 50% had systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and 22% had diabetes mellitus (DM). A prevalence of ASA P2 (74%) and high risk for venous thromboembolism (63%) was verified; in relation to cardiac risks according to the ACC (American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association - AHA, modified by Detsky), the majority (74%) was stratified/classified as intermediate risk. Conclusion: The significant incidence of comorbidities confirmed the need to use multiprofessional strategies in perioperative care, aimed at the obese population, with the possibility of identifying vulnerabilities and reduce the risks to the individual when undergoing surgical procedures

Objetivo: Describir o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes obesos de un servicio ambulatorio de evaluación perioperatoria, realizado por enfermeros y anestesistas, basado en estratificaciones y evaluaciones del riesgo cardíaco. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, compuesto por datos de 292 pacientes consultados por el servicio ambulatorio de evaluación perioperatoria, en que 88 fueron identificados com obesidad. Fueron analizadas variables demográficas, antropométricas (por índice de masa corporal ­ IMC), clínicas y cardíacas por el test de χ2. Resultados: Entre los pacientes, un 30% era obeso, del cual un 91% era del sexo femenino. Con relación a la presencia de comorbilidades, un 50% era portador de hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) y un 22% la tenía asociada a la diabetes mellitus (DM). Fue verificada prevalencia de ASA P2 (74%) y alto riesgo para tromboembolismo venoso (63%); con relación a los riesgos cardíacos por el ACP (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ­ ACP, modificado por Detsky), la mayoría (74%) fue estratificada como riesgo intermediario. Conclusión: La significativa incidencia de comorbilidades constatada acusa la necesidad de utilizar estrategias multiprofesionales en la asistencia perioperatoria, volcadas para la población obesa, siendo posible identificar vulnerabilidades y disminuir riesgos a los cuales el individuo está sujeto, a someterse a procedimientos quirúrgicos

PERFIL DE MULHERES COM ALTO RISCO PARA SÍNDROME DA APNEIA OBSTRUTIVA DO SONO / Profile of women with high risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / Perfil de mujeres con alto riesgo para síndrome de la apnea obstructiva del sueño

Introdução: A síndrome da apneia obstrutiva é considerada de alta prevalência na população, primariamente relacionada ao sexo masculino e com pouca informação sobre os sinais clínicos e o perfil epidemiológico em mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil clínico e verificar a associação das variáveis com o alto risco de mulheres desenvolverem síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método: Trata-se de um estudo analítico e quantitativo, com método retrospectivo de coleta de dados das consultas ambulatoriais realizadas no período de junho de 2014 a junho de 2016 no Ambulatório de Avaliação Perioperatória de um hospital regional do Distrito Federal. Resultados: Verificou-se a existência de uma associação de dependência entre a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva e as seguintes variáveis: faixa etária, índice de massa corporal, tromboembolismo venoso, presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus. Não houve associação significativa com o tabagismo ou com a presença de algum preditor de via aérea difícil. Conclusão: Mulheres obesas, hipertensas, com risco de trombose e maiores de 40 anos possuem maior risco de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva

Introduction: Obstructive apnea syndrome is considered to be highly prevalent in the population, primarily related to males and with little information on clinical signs and epidemiological profile in women. Objective: To analyze the clinical profile and to verify the association of the variables with the high risk of women developing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Method: This is an analytical and quantitative study, with a retrospective method of collecting data from outpatient clinics performed from June 2014 to June 2016 at the Ambulatory of Perioperative Assessment of a regional hospital in the Federal District. Results: The existence of a dependence association between obstructive apnea syndrome and the following variables: age range, body mass index, venous thromboembolism, presence of systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus were verified. There was no significant association with smoking or the presence of a difficult airway predictor. Conclusion: Obese, hypertensive women with a risk of thrombosis and those over 40 years of age are at increased risk for obstructive apnea syndrome.

Introducción: El síndrome de la apnea obstructiva es considerada de alta prevalencia en la población, primariamente relacionada al sexo masculino y con poca información sobre las señales clínicas y el perfil epidemiológico en mujeres. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil clínico y verificar la asociación de las variables con el alto riesgo de mujeres de desarrollar síndrome de la apnea obstructiva del sueño. Método: Se trata de un estudio analítico y cuantitativo, con método retrospectivo de colecta de datos de las consultas ambulatorias realizadas en el período de junio de 2014 a junio de 2016 en el Ambulatorio de Evaluación Perioperatoria de un hospital regional del Distrito Federal. Resultados: Se verifico la existencia de una asociación de dependencia entre el síndrome de la apnea obstructiva y las siguientes variables: rango de edad, índice de masa corporal, tromboembolismo venoso, presencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica y diabetes mellitus. No hubo asociación significativa con el tabaquismo o con la presencia de algún predictor de vía aérea difícil. Conclusión: Mujeres obesas, hipertensas, con riesgo de trombosis y mayores de 40 años poseen mayor riesgo de síndrome de la apnea obstructiva