ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can circulate among human and animal populations through direct contact with animals, as well as via food and the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and characterisation of multiresistant bacteria in pig samples. METHODS: 224 samples of pig livestock were taken at the slaughterhouse on the island of Tenerife. A nasal and a rectal sample were collected from each pig. The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (MRCoNS), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (BLEE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was investigated. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were characterised by specific PCRs depending on the microorganism to be studied, and in vitro antimicrobial resistance was determined using the broth microdilution method (Vitek®2 system bioMérieux®, Nurtingen, Germany). RESULTS: MRSA prevalence was 73.21% (164 isolates). MRCoNS prevalence was 9.8% (22 isolates), S. sciuri being the prevalent species. Six isolates presented a 2.7% prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (BLEE) in the CTX-M-1 group. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. CONCLUSION: we found a high presence of multiresistant bacteria, suggesting the need for increased control and surveillance of this type of strains in pig livestock and a better understanding of the possible transmission routes of these microorganisms through livestock products.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium fortuitum survive in different environmental conditions, biofilm formation and resistance to chlorinated disinfectants makes its isolation frequent in hospital environments, even being involved in outbreaks by contamination of medical equipment such as bronchoscopes. We describe a pseudo-outbreak by M fortuitum isolated in samples from 9 patients who underwent bronchoscopy in the pneumology bronchoscopy unit of the University Hospital Complex of the Canary Islands from December 2016 to March 2017. METHODS: We proceeded to investigate the pseudo-outbreak with a combination of epidemiologic, environmental, and molecular typing data. RESULTS: The source/reservoir of pseudo-outbreak was the hospital water used by the bronchoscope automatic washing machine (without antibacterial filter), so control measures were taken. Molecular typing was performed on 7 strains from 7 patients, and a sample of water was collected from a tap in the pneumology bronchoscopy unit: all of which had the same pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the hospital water supply, and thus the need to take measures against them because they compromise patients' health. We also suggest the need for hospital water quality guidelines in which methods to control and/or eliminate them are established.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous , Mycobacterium fortuitum , Bronchoscopy , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Equipment Contamination , Hospitals , Humans , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/epidemiology , SpainABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in healthy goats on the Island of Tenerife, Spain, as well as to identify the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the strains found. A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted. A total of 158 goats from 15 different farms were sampled between September 2017 and January 2018. The percentage of positive samples of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 15.8% (25/158) and that of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) was 6.9% (11/158). All MRSA isolates from goats belonged to one clonal group showing Multi-Locus Sequence type 398. All strains studied (n = 36) were resistant to non-carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics and susceptible to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin and mupirocine. In MRSA isolates, the highest percentage of resistance obtained, besides beta-lactam non-carbapenem antibiotics, was to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and, in the case of MRCoNS isolates, to phosphomycin and erythromycin. A total of 12 resistance patterns were obtained, presenting differences between patterns obtained for MRSA and MRCoNS, with 7 different patterns for MRSA and 5 for MRCoNS. We therefore consider it essential to expand the epidemiological study of these strains of animal origin, as well as to increase surveillance and control measures at all stages of the food chain.
Subject(s)
Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/physiology , Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary , Animals , Cross-Sectional Studies , Goats , Prevalence , Spain/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The problem of emerging resistant microorganisms such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated to livestock is closely linked to improper use of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence and characteristics of these strains, as well as their evolution in healthy pigs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Between October 2009 and December 2010, 300 pigs from 15 wean-to-finishing farms were screened. Between 1 September 2017 and 31 March 2018, a new sampling was performed collecting 125 nasal swabs from pigs belonging to the same farms and under the same conditions as the previous study. MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns were studied. Results: Prevalence of MRSA isolates was 89.6%. All isolates belonged to Sequence Type 398 (ST398), a livestock related strain. All strains studied were resistant to beta-lactamic non-carbapenemic antibiotics and sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin, and mupirocine. Between 2009/2010-2017/2018 a significant increase in resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, clindamycin, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline antibiotics was observed in isolated MRSA strains compared to the previous period. We consider a major control and surveillance program of antibiotic use in veterinary care is needed in order to reduce the presence of MRSA strains in livestock and control this significant multi-resistance increase.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are common bacteria in water and especially water supply distribution systems. Some species can cause infections, especially in immunocompromised patients and other risk groups. This study examined the frequency of occurrence of NTM in 135 household potable water samples collected from household water taps in Tenerife Island. METHODS: Mycobacteria species were identified by polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA regions, and by double-reverse hybridization on a dipstick using colloidal gold-bound and membrane-bound probes (Speed-Oligo(®) Mycobacteria). Some species were identified by sequencing the gene that encodes the 16S rRNA region. RESULTS: NTM were present in 47.4% of the samples. Mycobacterium fortuitum was the NTM isolated most frequently (70.3%), followed by Mycobacterium canariasense (6.3%) and Mycobacterium chelonae (6.3%). Other species were isolated at lower percentage frequencies. CONCLUSION: We isolated and identified the species M. canariasense in water supplies for public consumption. This species has previously been reported only in hospital settings. The elevated presence of NTM in the water supply indicates that it may be a reservoir for infections caused by recently described species of mycobacteria.
Subject(s)
Drinking Water/microbiology , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Water Microbiology , Water Supply , Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Family Characteristics , Genes, Bacterial , Humans , Islands , Molecular Probes , Mycobacterium , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/genetics , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/growth & development , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Spain , Water Supply/standardsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) such as the MRSA ST398 strain has spread all over the world and the most worrying aspect of this fact appears to be its capacity to easily spread to humans. The excessive use of antibiotics has made swine a reservoir of MRSA. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of MRSA samples isolated from healthy swine of the island of Tenerife (Spain). METHODS: A total of 256 MRSA isolates from swine samples and five MRSA isolates from pig worker samples were investigated for MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns. RESULTS: Analysis of the susceptibility status of MRSA pig isolates revealed that 39 isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, 71 isolates were resistant to two antibiotics and 96 isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. SCCmec typing revealed the presence of types IV and V. Isolates having SCCmec IV had an increased resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested than those having SCCmec V. We observed significant differences when comparing the most common resistance patterns and SCCmec type. CONCLUSIONS: MRSA isolated from humans showed similar resistance to those isolated from pigs, excepting erythromycin, since all the workers' isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. The evolution of new MRSA clones has emphasized the need for infection control practices in animals and humans in close contact.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Methicillin/pharmacology , Sus scrofa/microbiology , Animals , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Farmers , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , SpainABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to detect the prevalence of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL) in Escherichia coli strains isolated in healthy chickens at poultry farms in Tenerife, Spain. From November 2012 to February 2013, 260 live chickens were screened. Samples were cultured in chromogenic media. Suspect strains were identified by Vitek 2 system and ESBL production was confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed with XbaI (Promega, Madison, WI) to ESBL-E. coli isolates. The presence of CTX-M-type was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of 260 rectal swabs, 237 (91.1%) were ESBL-E. coli, 196 (75.38%) strains were characterized by PFGE, and CTX-M-type was detected in 116 (59.1%) of these strains. With respect to the susceptibility patterns of E. coli blaCTX-M strains, 7.8% showed resistance to more than two non-ß-lactam antibiotics. In our area, the prevalence of CTX-M-type in E. coli isolated in chicken was even higher than those found in other countries. The impact of food animals as a possible reservoir for ESBL-E. coli, especially CTX-M-type ESBL, and the dissemination of such strains into the food production chain need to be assessed.
Subject(s)
Chickens/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/enzymology , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Animals , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Meat/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Poultry Products , Spain , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
Introducción: El Síndrome Metabólico (SM) es una situación clínica muy prevalente implicada en los mecanismos de desarrollo de la diabetes mellitus, y a la vez un importante factor de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, especialmente en la población de mayor edad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de SM en la población mayor de 65 años y su relación con la mortalidad. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo en el que se incluyeron 455 personas (231 hombres y 228 mujeres) entre 65 y 94 años de la Isla de Tenerife (España). Se estudió la prevalencia de SM utilizando la definición armonizada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y se relacionó con la mortalidad y supervivencia de la misma. La recogida de datos se realizó en dos fases: Un primer período desde el 1 de octubre de 2007 hasta el 31 de junio de 2009 y posteriormente el 1 junio de 2011, se accedió a la base de datos interna del Servicio Canario de Salud (INTRANET) para revisar los datos de mortalidad y supervivencia de la población incluida en el estudio. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la prevalencia de SM en el total de la muestra fue 47,7%, superior en mujeres que en hombres. Los sujetos con SM presentaban mayor edad que los que no tenían SM. La mortalidad general de la población fue del 26,6% y la tasa de mortalidad de 11 por 100 personas/año: 1,1x103 personas/año. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de SM fue elevada. No obtuvimos diferencias significativas de mortalidad ni de supervivencia según la población tuviese o no SM (AU)
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a very prevalent clinical condition involved in diabetes mellitus mechanisms of development, being at once an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially in the elderly population. Objetive: to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among 458 of the adults aged 65 years and over and its relation with mortality. Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study was designed, with 459 participants (231 males and 228 females) aged between 65 and 94; living in Tenerife (Spain). The prevalence of MS was studied using the harmonized definition of World Health Organization (WHO), related to its mortality and survival. Results: The results showed a prevalence of MS in the total sample of 47.7%, and this was higher in women than in men. There were also significant differences according to age. The overall mortality of the population was 26.6% and the mortality rate of 11 per 100 persons / year: 1.1 x103 person / year. Conclusion: This report on the metabolic syndrome shows a high prevalence of this disorder. We did not find significant differences in mortality or survival of the population, either with and without MS (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Mortality , Elderly Nutrition , Health of the Elderly , ComorbidityABSTRACT
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains belonging to sequence type (ST) 398 are being reported with increasing frequency in Europe and other countries. This MRSA type has been isolated from colonized and infected animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in pigs and pig workers. A total of 300 pigs from 15 different farms were sampled in the slaughterhouse of Tenerife. A total of 54 pig workers were screened for MRSA: 20 belonged to farms whose pigs had been sampled and 34 to the slaughterhouse. The percentage of positive samples of MRSA in pigs was 85.7%. The overall prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in pig workers was 9.3%. All MRSA isolates from pigs and humans belonged to one clonal group showing multilocus sequence type (MLST) 398. Two types of Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCCmec) were found, IV and V. In conclusion, the prevalence of MRSA in nasal samples from pigs and pig workers in Tenerife was high. We therefore consider it essential to deepen epidemiological study of this strain of animal origin, as well as to increase surveillance and control measures at all stages of the food chain.
Subject(s)
Animal Husbandry , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Sus scrofa/microbiology , Abattoirs , Adolescent , Adult , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Atlantic Islands/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Microbial Viability , Middle Aged , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Nasal Mucosa/microbiology , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Workforce , Young AdultABSTRACT
Uruguay es uno de los países más envejecidos de América; 17 por ciento de la población tiene más 60 años y el 13 por ciento más de 65. La prevalencia de enfermedades mentales aumenta con la edad, siendo más frecuentes los trastornos afectivos, demencias, psicosis, abuso de sustancias y el maltrato. Para el abordaje apropiado es necesario desarrollar estructuras de atención que, comenzando en el primer nivel, se organicen hasta unidades psicogeriátricas de corta, mediana y larga estancia, incluyendo el desarrollo de la Psiquiatría Geriátrica como especialidad. Los adultos mayores presentan las mismas formas de trastornos afectivos que las personas jóvenes y responden a los mismos factores etiopatogénicos con particularidades que dificultan el diagnóstico. Se describen distintas formas de presentación de los episodios depresivos y maníacos con énfasis en los desencadenantes somáticos. Se revisan las alternativas terapéuticas farmacológicas, psicoterapéuticas, la electroconvulsoterapia y la atención al cuidador, las que deben adaptarse a cada paciente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Bipolar Disorder , Mood Disorders , Depression/drug therapy , Depression/therapy , Psychotherapy , Lithium , Antidepressive AgentsABSTRACT
El suicidio es la novena causa de muerte en Uruguay, siendo responsable del 12 a 15 por ciento de los fallecimientos en personas de 25 a 34 años. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: caracterizar el suicidio en Montevideo en el período 2000-2001, mediante autopsia psicológica y comparar sus características con pacientes que consultaron por IAE, en el mismo período, evaluados a través de entrevistas psiquiátricas. De los 193 suicidios se realizaron 80 autopsias psicológicas. La tasa de suicidas en el año 2001 fue de 17/100.000 y se constató que la misma continúa en aumento. El 67 por ciento de los suicidas presentó un trastorno psiquiátrico; y en un 30 por ciento hubo síntomas aunque no un diagnóstico definitivo; los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron depresión y alcoholismo. El 50 por ciento tenía antecedentes personales de IAE. Se asociaron también las enfermedades crónicas y los antecedentes familiares psiquiátricos, así como un alto porcentaje de comunicación de la intención suicida a familiares. El grupo con IAE fue de menor edad, destacándose los diagnósticos de trastornos depresivos y trastornos de personalidad. Se realiza consideraciones sobre la implementación de estrategias de prevención y tratamiento.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Suicide , Suicide, Attempted , Uruguay , Retrospective Studies , Mental Disorders , Interview, PsychologicalABSTRACT
El objetivo es estudiar la tendencia de la tasa de mortalidad global y por suicidio en Uruguay en el período 1972 - 1992 y ajustar un modelo desarrollado en países con elevada tasa de suicidio que la vincula a variables de la economía nacional. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Division Estadística del Ministerio de Salud Pública y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. La tasa ajustada de mortalidad por suicidio de 10/100.000 habitantes en Uruguay es la mayor entre los países informantes de América Latina en los años 1991 - 1992, e intermedia respecto a países de todo el mundo. Suicidio es la causa de muerte de 1,5 por ciento de los hombres y 0,5 por ciento de las mujeres en total y explica entre 12 y 15 por ciento de los fallecimientos en personas de 25 a 34 años. Es más frecuente en hombres mayores de 50 años, con oscilaciones en las cuales los períodos de aumento corresponden a aumento de suicidio en hombres. El modelo matemático ajustado no describe adecuadamente la relación entre suicidio y economía, por lo que planteamos la necesidad de desarrollar modelos que se adapten mejor a la realidad de nuestro país
