ABSTRACT
Objectives: HIV infection in pregnancy affects the mother, her placenta, and fetus resulting in perinatal/maternal morbidity and mortality. Studies show that HIV-positive mothers have several placental morphological changes. This study aimed to describe the histomorphometric parameters/lesions of placentas of HIV-positive mothers in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional hospital-based analytical study was conducted at the departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Histopathology, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Nigeria from December 2015 to May 2016. We studied 144 pregnant mothers (48 HIV-positive as the test group vs. 96 HIV-negative as controls). Their placentas (fetal membrane, umbilical cord, and placental disk) were collected post-delivery and evaluated (grossly/microscopically) to determine the range of histomorphometric placental parameters/lesions. Relevant obstetric data were obtained from their case notes. Results: The test group delivered more through cesarean section than the control group (52.1% vs. 31.3%), with mean birth weights of 2.8±0.7 and 3.1±0.6 kg (p = 0.004). The mean placental weights were 57±190.1 and 664.6±167.4 g (p = 0.003), with mean placenta-birth weight ratio of 20.1±4.8 and 20.5±4.57% (p = 0.33). The test groups placental fetal membranes, umbilical cords, and disks mainly displayed acute chorioamnionitis (47.9%), acute umbilical phlebitis (14.6%), and villous vasculopathy (33.3%). The test group had a higher stage/grade of placental inflammation than the control group. In the test group, two stage 4 HIV disease state cases presented with the most severe form of placental inflammatory lesions. Conclusions: The commonest placental histomorphometric parameters/lesions were acute chorioamnionitis, acute umbilical phlebitis, and acute intervillositis. There was no significant association between HIV/AIDS disease stage with the most severe forms of placental inflammatory lesions.
ABSTRACT
Cancers are thought to be rarer in younger population, but emerging data show an increasing incidence of these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of cancer among young patients (≥30 years) in Uyo, Nigeria. All specimens were collected and reviewed during the period January 2007-December 2012; complete clinicopathological data were also considered. A total of 108 cases of proven cancers were diagnosed (3.4%), accounting for 14.1% of all malignancies. A male:female ratio of 1:3.2 was recorded. Among 0-14-year-old patients, the most common malignancy was embryonal cancer (50.0%), followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (18.8%). Carcinoma of the breast and soft tissue sarcoma represent first and second cancers in those patients (40.7% and 13.0% respectively). Carcinoma of uterine cervix and nodal lymphomas were the third and fourth most common cancers respectively (10.2% and 7.4%), significantly higher in the 21-30 years and 0-10 years age groups. Invasive ductal carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma were the most common histologic types of cancers in breast, uterine cervix, lymph node and soft tissue (79.6%, 90.0%, 44.4%, 50.0% respectively). This study shows that embryonal cancer was the most common malignancy in patients aged 0 to 14, while carcinoma of the breast and soft tissue sarcoma were the two most common cancers in patients from 5 to 30 years-old.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Prostatic carcinoma (CaP) is globally the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males. The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of histopathological types of prostatic lesions seen in a private laboratory in Lagos, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histopathological reports of all prostate specimens, which were received and processed by histopathology section of a private laboratory in Lagos, Nigeria, from August 2009 to December 2013 were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 304 prostatic tissue specimens were received and processed during the period under review. The youngest patient was 32 years old while the oldest patient was 99 years old with a mean of 67.8 years ± 9.5. The most common diagnosis was benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (62.8%), distantly followed by CaP (29.3%), inadequate samples (6.6%), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (1%), and metastasis to the prostate (0.3%). The peak incidence was age group of 60-69 years, closely followed by 70-79 years accounting for 38.2% and 36.2%, respectively. Moderately differentiated CaP (Gleason scores [GSs] 5-7) accounted for 58.1% of the cases while GS 7 was the most common individual score and was seen in 32.3% of the CaP cases. CONCLUSION: In this private practice, BPH is the most common prostate lesion. CaP is relatively high and most of the cases have a high GS that portends high mortality in our population. Efforts should be made to increase awareness so as to reduce the mortality.
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AIM: To study the frequency, gender and age distribution as well as pathological characteristics of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in Lagos and Sagamu in SW Nigeria. METHODS: This is a retrospective pathological review of histologically diagnosed CRC from 5 laboratories in Lagos and Sagamu. The clinical data, such as age, sex and clinical summary were extracted from demographic information. Cases of anal cancer were excluded from this study. RESULTS: There were 420 cases (237 males and 183 females) of CRC. It peaked in the 60-69 year age group (mean: 50.7; SD: 16.2), M:F ratio 1.3:1 and 23% occurred below 40 years. The majority was well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma 321 (76.4%), mucinous carcinoma 45 (10.7%) and signet ring carcinoma 5 (1.2%), and more common in patients under 40 years compared to well differentiated tumors. The recto-sigmoid colon was the most common site (58.6%). About 51% and 34% of cases presented at TNM stages II and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: CRC is the commonest malignant gastrointestinal (GIT) tumor most commonly located in the recto-sigmoid region. The age and sex prevalence and histopathological features concur with reports from other parts of the world.
