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2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34831583

ABSTRACT

AIM: The general aim of this study was to explore the decision-making process followed by Intensive Care Unit (ICU) health professionals with respect to physical restraint (PR) administration and management, along with the factors that influence it. METHOD: A qual-quant multimethod design was sequenced in two stages: an initial stage following a qualitative methodology; and second, quantitative with a predominant descriptive approach. The multicenter study was undertaken at 17 ICUs belonging to 11 public hospitals in the Madrid region (Spain) across the period 2015 through 2019. The qualitative stage was performed from an interpretative phenomenological perspective. A total of eight discussion groups (DG) were held, with the participation of 23 nurses, 12 patient care nursing assistants, and seven physicians. Intentional purposive sampling was carried out. DG were tape-recorded and transcribed. A thematic analysis of the latent content was performed. In the quantitative stage, we maintained a 96-h observation period at each ICU. Variables pertaining to general descriptive elements of each ICU, institutional pain-agitation/sedation-delirium (PAD) monitoring policies and elements linked to quality of PR use were recorded. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the relationship between the variables was analyzed. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. FINDINGS: A total of 1070 patients were observed, amounting to a median prevalence of PR use of 19.11% (min: 0%-max: 44.44%). The differences observed between ICUs could be explained by a difference in restraint conceptualization. The various actors involved jointly build up a health care culture and a conceptualization of the terms "safety-risk", which determine decision-making about the use of restraints at each ICU. These shared meanings are the germ of beliefs, values, and rituals which, in this case, determine the greater or lesser use of restraints. There were different profiles of PR use among the units studied: preventive restraints versus "Zero" restraints. The differences corresponded to aspects such as: systematic use of tools for assessment of PAD; interpretation of patient behavior; the decision-making process, the significance attributed to patient safety and restraints; and the feelings generated by PR use. The restraint-free model requires an approach to safety from a holistic perspective, with the involvement of all team members and the family.


Subject(s)
Physicians , Restraint, Physical , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Spain
3.
Enferm. intensiva (Ed. impr.) ; 32(2)Abril - Junio 2021.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-220593

ABSTRACT

La valoración y manejo del dolor-analgesia, agitación-sedación, contenciones mecánicas (CM) y delirium en el paciente critico ha ido evolucionando en los últimos años, tal y como recogen las recomendaciones de las Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) 1. Sin embargo, todavía quedan cuestiones pendientes, en las que las enfermeras pueden investigar destacando el efecto que los cuidados pueden tener en los resultados de salud sensibles a la práctica enfermera. A continuación, se proponen doce líneas de investigación en cuidados para la orientación de futuros proyectos sobre dolor, sedación, CM y delirium. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain , Analgesia , Deep Sedation , Delirium , Health Research Agenda
6.
Metas enferm ; 22(2): 63-68, mar. 2019. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-183520

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: objetivo principal: diseñar estrategias y algoritmos de decisión que minimicen el uso y los riesgos derivados de las contenciones mecánicas (CM) en unidades de cuidados críticos (UCC). Objetivos secundarios: a) conocer la experiencia de los profesionales al manejar pacientes críticos con CM y en función del medio en el que están inmersos respecto al uso de CM; b) explorar el significado que los profesionales dan a los conceptos "riesgo" y "seguridad"; c) analizar la prevalencia de uso de CM en pacientes críticos, los factores asociados a su uso y los eventos adversos relacionados; d) conocer la actitud de los profesionales de UCC acerca del uso de CM. Método: estudio multicéntrico en dos fases secuenciales: fase I para la generación de conocimiento amplio e integral acerca del uso de CM en pacientes críticos a través de diferentes metodologías: investigación cualitativa fenomenológica interpretativa, audit clínico (revisión de la práctica clínica) y estudio transversal para explorar las actitudes de los profesionales. En la fase II, mediante método Delphi a partir de los conocimientos generados, se procederá al desarrollo de estrategias, recomendaciones y algoritmos de decisión que minimicen los riesgos derivados del uso inadecuado de las CM en pacientes críticos. Conclusiones: para lograr el objetivo de la minimización del uso de CM en las UCC y en los casos que sean necesarias se haga ajustado a las recomendaciones, se plantea como necesaria la generación de conocimiento amplio, específico y adaptado a la realidad de los pacientes críticos


Objectives: primary objective: to design strategies and algorithms for decision that will minimize the use of mechanical restraints (MRs) and the risks derived in Critical Care Units (CCUs). Secondary Objectives: a) To learn about the experience of professionals when managing critical patients with MRs, and based on their current setting in terms of the use of MRs; b) To explore the meaning given by professionals to the terms "risk" and "safety"; c) To analyze the prevalence of the use of MRs in critical patients, those factors associated with their use, and any related adverse events; d) To understand the attitude of CCU professionals regarding the use of MRs. Method: a multicenter study in two sequential stages: Stage I for the generation of a wide and comprehensive knowledge about the use of MRs in critical patients through different methodologies: interpretative phenomenological qualitative research, clinical audit (review of clinical practice) and cross-sectional study to explore the attitudes by professionals. In Stage II, through the Delphi method, and based on the knowledge generated, there will be a development of strategies, recommendations and decision algorithms that will minimize the risks derived of an inadequate use of MRs in critical patients. Conclusions: in order to achieve the objective of minimizing the use of MRs in CCUs and, in those cases necessary, using them according to recommendations, it is considered necessary to generate wide and specific knowledge, adapted to the reality of critical patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Care/methods , Algorithms , Health Strategies , Critical Care/organization & administration , Cross-Sectional Studies , Qualitative Research , Data Analysis
7.
Enferm. intensiva (Ed. impr.) ; 30(1): 38-42, ene.-mar. 2019.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-181640

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Actualizar y ampliar la Guía de Práctica Clínica de 2013 para el manejo del dolor, agitación y delirio en pacientes adultos de la UCI. Diseño: Treinta y dos expertos internacionales, cuatro expertos en metodología, y cuatro supervivientes de enfermedades críticas se reunieron virtualmente, al menos una vez al mes. Todos los grupos de sección se reunieron personalmente en los congresos anuales de la Sociedad de Medicina de Cuidados Críticos; las conexiones virtuales incluyeron a aquellas personas que no pudieron asistir. A priori, se desarrolló una política formal de conflicto de intereses, que se hizo cumplir a lo largo del proceso. Las teleconferencias y debates electrónicos entre los subgrupos, así como el panel al completo, formaron parte del desarrollo de la guía. Todos los miembros del panel realizaron personalmente una revisión general del contenido en enero de 2017. Métodos: Los expertos contenidos, los expertos en metodología, y los supervivientes de la UCI estuvieron representados en cada una de las cinco secciones de la guía: Dolor, Agitación/sedación, Delirio, Inmovilidad (movilización/rehabilitación), y Sueño (interrupción). Cada sección creó preguntas descriptivas y no procesables sobre Población, Intervención, Comparación, y Resultados, basadas en la relevancia clínica percibida. A continuación, el grupo responsable de la guía votó su clasificación, y los pacientes priorizaron su importancia. Para cada pregunta sobre Población, Intervención, Comparación, y Resultados, las distintas secciones buscaron la evidencia mejor disponible, determinaron su calidad, y formularon recomendaciones del tipo declaraciones sobre prácticas "sólidas," "condicionales," o "buenas" basándose en los principios de calificación de valoración, desarrollo y evaluación de recomendaciones. Además, se identificaron explícitamente las brechas de la evidencia y las salvedades clínicas. Resultados: El panel sobre dolor, agitación/sedación, delirio, inmovilidad (movilización/rehabilitación), y sueño (interrupción) emitió 37 recomendaciones (3 sólidas y 34 condicionales), dos declaraciones de prácticas buenas, y 32 declaraciones no calificables y no procesables. Tres preguntas procedentes de la lista de preguntas priorizadas centradas en el paciente carecieron de recomendación. Conclusiones: Concluimos un acuerdo sustancial entre una gran cohorte interdisciplinaria de expertos internacionales en cuanto a la evidencia que respalda las recomendaciones y las brechas en la literatura pendientes en cuanto a evaluación, prevención y tratamiento del dolor, agitación/sedación, delirio, inmovilidad (movilización/rehabilitación), y sueño (interrupción) en adultos críticos. Subrayar dicha evidencia y las necesidades de investigación mejorarán el manejo del dolor, agitación/sedación, delirio, inmovilidad (movilización/rehabilitación), y sueño (interrupción), y aportarán las bases para mejorar los resultados y la ciencia en esta población vulnerable


No disponible


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain Management , Pain/prevention & control , Psychomotor Agitation , Delirium , Sleep Wake Disorders , Societies, Medical/organization & administration , Telecommunications , Intensive Care Units/organization & administration
8.
Metas enferm ; 21(9): 27-31, nov. 2018.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-172980

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: evaluar la validez de constructo y la fiabilidadde la adaptación de la escala de conductas indicadoras de dolor (ESCID), para valorar el dolor en pacientes críticos con daño cerebral, no comunicativos y sometidos a ventilación mecánica. MÉTODO: sujetos: estudio multicéntrico, observacional. Se llevará a cabo en pacientes críticos con lesión cerebral adquirida, mayores de edad, sometidos a ventilación mecánica invasiva y sin capacidad de comunicación, ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos de cuatro hospitales universitarios de tercer nivel de la Comunidad de Madrid. En todos los sujetos se evaluará el dolor con dos instrumentos simultáneamente (ESCID-DC y videograbación). La evaluación del dolor con ESCID-DC se realizará por dos observadores independientes con resultado ciego entre ellos, ante la aplicación de dos procedimientos dolorosos (aspiración de secreciones traqueales y presión en lecho ungueal), y un procedimiento no doloroso. La medición se efectuará únicamente una vez por cada paciente y procedimiento. La medición del dolor se hará en tres momentos: cinco minutos antes, durante y 15 minutos después de cada procedimiento. Cinco minutos antes de iniciar los procedimientos y hasta diez minutos después, dos videocámaras (una enfoca el cuerpo completo, otra solo la cara) captarán imágenes y audio, para posteriormente analizar los cambios gestuales y corporales del sujeto en cada momento, y poder correlacionarlos con los ocho indicadores conductuales de la escala ESCID-DC. CONCLUSIONES: contar con una escala de este tipo con buenas propiedades psicométricas mejorará el manejo del dolor de los pacientes con daño cerebral y, por tanto, la eficacia del tratamiento


OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the validity of the concept and the reliability of the adaptation of the Scale of Behavior Indicators of Pain (ESCID) in order to assess pain in critical patients with brain damage, who are non-communicative and undergoing mechanical ventilation. METHOD: subjects: a multicenter observational study. It will be conducted on critical patients with acquired brain damage, of age, undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, and unable to communicate, who have been admitted to intensive care units from four 3rd level University Hospitals from the Community of Madrid. Pain will be evaluated in all subjects with two instruments simultaneously (ESCID-DC and video recording). Pain evaluation through ESCID-DC will be conducted by two independent observers with blind results between them, with the application of two painful procedures (aspiration of tracheal secretions and pressure on the nail bed) and a non-painful procedure. Measurement will only be conducted once per patient and procedure. Pain measurement will be conducted at three time points: fiveminutes before, during, and fifteenminutes after each procedure. Five minutes before initiating the procedure and up to ten minutes afterwards, two video cameras will capture images and audio (one will focus on the entire body, the other one only on the face), in order to capture and subsequently analyze the gestural and body changes of the subject at each moment, and to be able to correlate them with the eight behavior indicators of the ESCID-DC scale. CONCLUSIONS: the availability of this type of scale, with good psychometric properties, will improve pain management for patients with brain damage and, therefore, treatment efficacy


Subject(s)
Pain Measurement/instrumentation , Brain Injuries/nursing , Critical Care Nursing , Spain , Observational Study , Respiration, Artificial , Psychometrics/methods , Prospective Studies , Video Recording/methods
9.
Intensive Crit Care Nurs ; 48: 52-60, 2018 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29776706

ABSTRACT

Significant improvements in our understanding of pain, agitation, and delirium management within the Intensive Care Unit have been made in recent years. International guidelines and implementation bundles have become more evidence-based, patient-centred, and provide clear recommendations on the best-practice management of critically ill patients. However, the intensive care community has highlighted the need for higher-order evidence in several areas of pain, agitation and delirium research and studies suggest that a significant number of intensive care patients still receive outdated treatment as a consequence of inadequate guideline implementation. Where do the gaps exist in pain, agitation and delirium management, what are the barriers to guideline implementation and how can these problems be addressed to ensure patients receive optimised care? As an international professional consensus exercise, a panel of seven European intensive care nurses convened to discuss how to address these questions and establish how the provision of pain, agitation and delirium management can be improved in the intensive care unit.


Subject(s)
Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Critical Care Nursing , Critical Illness/nursing , Delirium/prevention & control , Intensive Care Units/standards , Pain/prevention & control , Delirium/nursing , Europe , Guideline Adherence , Humans , Pain/nursing , Quality Improvement
10.
Intensive Crit Care Nurs ; 44: 110-114, 2018 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28869145

ABSTRACT

Delirium represents a serious problem that impacts the physical and cognitive prognosis of patients admitted to intensive care units and requires prompt diagnosis and management. This article describes the case and progress of a patient placed on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation with difficult sedation criteria and an early diagnosis of mixed delirium. During the case report, we reflect on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies employed to cope with delirium paying special attention to the non-use of physical restraint measures in order to preserve vital support devices (endotracheal tube or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation cannula). The multimodal and multidisciplinary approach, focused on nursing interventions, strict Pain/Agitation/Delirium monitoring and pharmacological measures, as well as the implementation of measures according to the eCASH (early Comfort using Analgesia, minimal Sedatives and maximal Human Care) concept, were effective, resulting in a relatively short admission considering the severity of the patient's condition and the associated complications. Early independent ambulation was achieved prior to transfer to a hospitalisation unit.


Subject(s)
Deep Sedation/methods , Delirium/diagnosis , Delirium/nursing , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Deep Sedation/nursing , Delirium/classification , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/psychology , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units/organization & administration , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Management/methods , Pain Management/standards , Patient Comfort/methods , Photic Stimulation/methods
11.
J Adv Nurs ; 72(1): 205-16, 2016 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26358885

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate the validity and reliability of the Behavioural Indicators of Pain Scale (ESCID) in medically and surgically non-communicative and mechanically ventilated critical patients. BACKGROUND: Scales based on behavioural indicators of pain are suggested to measure pain in non-communicative critically ill patients. Scales proposed thus far have a range not comparable to those used with patients who can report their pain. A scale with a 0-10 range and more behavioural indicators is proposed to improve the detection and measurement of pain. DESIGN: A multicentre prospective observational design to validate a scale-measuring instrument. METHODS: Three hundred non-communicative and mechanically ventilated critical patients from 20 different intensive care units will be observed for 5 minutes before, during and 15 minutes after three procedures: turning, tracheal suctioning and soft friction with gauze on healthy tissue. Two independent observers will assess the pain of subjects with the Behavioural Pain Scale and the ESCID scale simultaneously. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Student's t-test will be used to compare components of the twos scales. Inter-rater and intrarater agreement will be investigated. The reliability scale will be measured using Cronbach's alpha. Approval date for this protocol was January 2012. DISCUSSION: A greater number of behavioural indicators in the ESCID scale than in previously validated scales, with a 0-10 score range, can improve the detection and measurement of pain in non-communicative and mechanically ventilated critical patients. Funding granted in 2011 by the Spanish Health Research Fund (PI 11/00766, Health Ministry). TRIAL REGISTRATION: Study registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01744717).


Subject(s)
Communication Disorders , Critical Care/methods , Critical Illness/nursing , Pain Measurement/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Respiration, Artificial/nursing , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain Measurement/instrumentation , Pain Measurement/methods , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Spain
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