ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Twenty one amide compounds possessing phenoxy/benzyloxy/pyridinyl groups have been synthesized by benzoylation of respective amines in presence of base with moderate to encouraging yields. Upon confirmation of structure, compounds were subjected for p38 kinase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitubercular activities. METHOD: Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model while p38 kinase inhibitory activity was studied using ELISA method and serial dilution method was employed to determine MICs. Two compounds 4g and 4n showed over 30% p38 kinase inhibitory activity at 10 µM and best anti-inflammatory activity was found for compounds 4g, 4i, 4n and 4o which exhibited to reduce paw edema over 70%. Compound 4b was observed to be the most potent against gram +ve organisms with MIC value of 1.6 µG/mL and compound 4u displayed potent antibacterial activity against gram negative organisms. CONCLUSION: Most encouraging antitubercular activity was noticed for compounds 4u, 4r and 4k with 6.25, 12.5 and 12.5 µG/mL Further, in order to know the binding site interactions, a docking simulations of compounds was performed. These preliminary results will certainly show fruitful directions to improve the activities of compounds.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Edema/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Benzamides/chemical synthesis , Benzamides/chemistry , Carrageenan , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Design , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Edema/chemically induced , Fungi/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
A series of new 10-(alkylamino)-8-methyl-2, 6-dihydroimidazo[1, 2-c]pyrimido[5, 4-e]pyrimidine-5(3H)-thiones (4a-g) were subjected to molecular property prediction (drug-likeness, lipophilicity and solubility parameters) using Osiris Property Explorer, ALOGPS 2.1, Molinspiration and ACD/Chemsketch 12.0 software programmes. The calculated drug-related properties of the designed molecules were similar to those found in most marketed drugs. Amongst the proposed analogues, four promising candidates were chosen (4a-d) for synthesis on the basis of Lipinski's 'Rule of Five' and drug-likeness scores. The significant biological activity of the test compounds in two in vitro modes (isolated guinea pig tracheal chain preparation, isolated guinea pig ileum) supports the promise and accuracy of the prediction. Among them, 4a was the most potent antihistaminic (IC50 value of 30.2 µM; standard, chlorpheniramine maleate showed an IC50 of 14.1 µM).
ABSTRACT
A series of the title compounds were synthesized and characterized by spectral data. All the compounds were evaluated for in vitro antihistaminic activity by inhibition of isotonic contractions induced by histamine on isolated guinea pig ileum and the compound 6-k showed significant activity. A few compounds have also been screened for in vivo bronchodilatory activity. These compounds exhibited significant protection against histamine-induced convulsions in guinea pig at the dose of 50 mumol.
ABSTRACT
p38 Kinase plays a vital role in inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) pathways and inhibitors of p38 kinase provide effective approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Pyridinyl and pyrimidinyl imidazoles, selectively inhibit p38alpha MAP kinase, are useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies (3D-QSAR) involving comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) and molecular docking were performed on 44 phenoxypyrimidinyl imidazole p38 kinase inhibitors to find out the structural relationship with the activity. The best predictive CoMFA model with atom fit alignment resulted in cross-validated r(2) value of 0.553, noncross-validated r(2) value of 0.908 and standard error of estimate 0.187. Similarly the best predictive CoMSIA model was derived with q(2) of 0.508, noncross-validated r(2) of 0.894 and standard error of estimate of 0.197, comprising steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bond donor fields. These models were able to predict the activity of test set molecules efficiently within an acceptable error range. GOLD and FlexX were employed to dock the inhibitors into the active site of the p38 kinase and these docking studies revealed the vital interactions and binding conformation of the inhibitors. The information rendered by 3D-QSAR models and the docking interactions may afford valuable clues to optimize the lead and design new potential inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Imidazoles/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Binding Sites , Drug Design , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Inflammation is a complex pathological condition associated with exaggerated human immune system involving various activated immune cells and bio-molecules. Treatment of inflammatory diseases particularly chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease etc. has been a big challenge for scientists as there are no safe drugs available for cure. Current therapeutic approaches to the treatment of inflammatory diseases are centered on cycloxygenase (both COX-1 and 2) proinflammatory enzymes but present available drugs of this category are associated with undesirable gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects. Recent scientific advents draw out the secrets of inflammation cache and understanding the involvement of several factors acting as stimulators or inhibitors thus opening new avenues for drug discoveries. Several bio-molecules such as proinflammatory cytokines, components of signal transduction and matrix degrading enzymes resolve inflammatory responses, might be new targets for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. This review gathers recent advances in drug research focusing interleukin-1, TNF-alpha, p38 kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAP kinase, NFkappaB, and matrix metalloproteinases. The biological roles of these inflammatory mediators are clearly understood thus offering new targets for design of novel inhibitors for incurable inflammatory diseases. This also provides an overview of the current nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.
