ABSTRACT
The incidence of cytomegalovirus retinitis has decreased significantly since the advent of antiretroviral therapy. However, it remains an important problem in both the developed and developing worlds. Furthermore, long-term antiviral suppression is associated with a significant increase in viral resistance. We present the case of a 46-year-old man who developed cytomegalovirus retinitis one year after being diagnosed with HIV. While he initially demonstrated an excellent clinical response to ganciclovir, his cytomegalovirus viral load remained persistently elevated. Over the subsequent years, his virus developed ganciclovir resistance with a concomitant deterioration in his visual acuity. He responded poorly to salvage therapy with foscarnet and cidofovir. This case highlights the ongoing difficulty of managing cytomegalovirus disease nearly two decades into the era of antiretroviral therapy and underlines the need to develop new treatment strategies.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/drug therapy , Foscarnet/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/diagnosis , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Salvage Therapy , Treatment Outcome , Viral Load , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the risk of bleeding from vitreoretinal surgery in a continuous unbiased cohort of patients taking unsuspended antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. DESIGN: Prospective hospital-based study. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-five patients taking unsuspended aspirin, clopidogrel and/or warfarin therapy undergoing all forms of vitreoretinal surgery at The Mater Misericordiae University and The Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery taking unsuspended antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy over a 1-year period were included in this prospective study to evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative bleeding complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The intraoperative and postoperative bleeding rates. RESULTS: One hundred and seven vitreoretinal procedures were performed on 85 patients taking unsuspended antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. The intraoperative bleeding rate was 23%, the majority of which consisted of mild bleeding into the vitreous cavity during vitrectomy. The postoperative bleeding rate was 22%, consisting of 3.7% anterior chamber haemorrhage, 11% dispersed vitreous cavity haemorrhage, 4.7% dense vitreous cavity haemorrhage, 0.9% subretinal haemorrhage and 1.9% localized choroidal haemorrhage. The single greatest significant independent predictor of intraoperative bleeding was proliferative diabetic retinopathy and of postoperative bleeding was the presence of diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: There were no cases of uncontrolled intraoperative haemorrhage or serious postoperative choroidal haemorrhage. Mild haemorrhagic oozing during vitrectomy and dispersed vitreous cavity haemorrhage postoperatively were common. For the majority of patients taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, these agents can be safely continued in the vitreoretinal surgical perioperative period.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Blood Loss, Surgical/statistics & numerical data , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Postoperative Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Vitreoretinal Surgery , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Aspirin/adverse effects , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Choroid Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Clopidogrel , Eye Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Retinal Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Risk Factors , Ticlopidine/adverse effects , Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives , Ticlopidine/therapeutic use , Vitreous Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Warfarin/adverse effects , Warfarin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Serial retinal examinations were performed in children aged 5 years and older and fluorescein angiography/angioscopy in children 6 years and older participating in a cohort study of sickle cell disease. There were 1229 patient years of observation among 389 children aged 5 - 13 years. Peripheral retinal vessel closure was present in approximately 50 percent of children with SS and SC genotypes at age 6 years and increased to affect 90 percent of children by age 12 years. A matched pair analysis, comparing groups with minimal and complete closure, indicated that complete closure was associated with significantly lower total haemoglobin and fetal haemoglobin levels and significantly lower weight in SS disease, whereas in SC disease the risk factors appeared to be high mean cell volume and low platelet count. Proliferative retinopathy was rare, occurring only once in an 8-year-old boy with SC disease, despite 592 patient years of observation in children over this age. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Male , Female , Anemia, Sickle Cell/epidemiology , Retinal Diseases/epidemiology , Age Factors , Body Weight , Cohort Studies , Fetal Hemoglobin/analysis , Fluorescein Angiography , Hematocrit , Hemoglobins/analysis , Jamaica , Risk Factors , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
Opthalmic assessment was performed on a random sample of 178 black Jamaican diabetics. Retinopathy was present in 69 percent. Severe visual loss (V.A.<5/200or
