ABSTRACT
Primary care pediatricians, family practitioners, and primary care advanced practice clinicians frequently need to examine male adolescent genitalia as part of a comprehensive physical examination. Although this part of the examination may be uncomfortable for clinicians, taking a structured approach to the examination can mitigate clinicians' apprehension as well as enhance their ability to use this evaluation to identify potential pathology for the patient. Familiarity with the male genitourinary examination will also allow clinicians to definitively identify medical urgencies and emergencies for timely intervention. This review will provide the clinician with a structured approach to the male genitourinary examination while highlighting common pathology that may be encountered during the examination. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(1):e5-e9.].
Subject(s)
Penis , Scrotum , Adolescent , Male , Humans , Genitalia , Pediatricians , Physical ExaminationABSTRACT
Heat-related illness commonly affects adolescent patients, especially as summer approaches and global temperature extremes worsen. Basic counseling on sunburn prevention can decrease the risk for future malignancies, and rapidly preventing, identifying, and treating heat stroke can prevent severe morbidity and mortality. This article will review the epidemiology of exertional heat-related illness and the variations in presentations and pathology, from heat rash and sunburn to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. By the end of this review clinicians should be able to identify and treat different heat-related illnesses in adolescents and potentially save a life. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(1):e17-e21.].
Subject(s)
Exanthema , Heat Stress Disorders , Heat Stroke , Sunburn , Adolescent , Humans , Biodiversity , Hot Temperature , Temperature , Heat Stroke/diagnosis , Heat Stroke/therapy , Heat Stress Disorders/complications , Heat Stress Disorders/diagnosis , Heat Stress Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
Multisystem inflammatory disease in children (MIS-C) is a condition typically seen 3 to 6 weeks after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Believed to be a postinfection hyperinflammatory response, the clinical manifestation of this viral sequelae can vary significantly in severity and symptomatic presentation. Clinical prodrome includes persistent fever and dysfunction of at least two organ systems. Often developing after asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, MIS-C is a diagnosis of exclusion that requires evaluation for other infectious or noninfectious etiology for symptoms. Vital sign instability, including fever, tachycardia, and hypotension; laboratory studies demonstrating elevated inflammatory markers and elevated cardiac markers; and positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, or exposure to someone with confirmed COVID-19 infection 4 to 6 weeks before clinical presentation are used to diagnose this condition. Skin and mucosal involvement, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurologic manifestations are also commonly seen. An echocardiogram is indicated to evaluate for cardiac dysfunction, including but not limited to coronary artery enlargement, left ventricular dysfunction, arrythmias, or atrioventricular block. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(3):e114-e121.].
