Analysis of Healthcare Costs Incurred in Regional Hospitals in Andalusia (Spain) during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) Background: The global health crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to extreme overloading of different public healthcare systems worldwide. The Spanish Public Healthcare System is one of them. This study aimed to conduct a comparative cost analysis to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on small- and medium-sized regional hospitals in Andalusia (Spain). (2) Methods: This comparative, multicentre, observational, and retrospective study was designed to perform a comparative cost analysis between the Alto Guadalquivir Health Agency (AGHA) and Poniente University Hospital (PUH), both of which belong to the Spanish Public Health System (PHS). The data included in this study corresponds to the total costs by area and year incurred by the 61,335 patients from both healthcare institutions (AGHA = 36,110; PUH = 25,225) in the areas of hospital emergency service (HES), hospitalisation, and intensive care unit (ICU), during the 24 months of the study period (from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020). (3) Results: The analysis results showed a significant increase in costs incurred in 2020 for HES relative to those incurred in 2019 for both AGHA (+14%; p < 0.003) and PUH (+36%; p = 0.002). Additionally, costs incurred for ICU increased significantly in 2020 relative to those incurred in 2019 for both AGHA (+30%; p = 0.003) and PUH (+46%; p = 0.002). Hospitalisation costs for AGHA also increased significantly (+9%; p < 0.012) in 2020 versus those obtained in 2019; however, no significant differences were found for PUH (+6%; p = 1) in the same period analysed. However, the number of patients treated in the areas of HES, hospitalisation, and ICU was significantly reduced throughout 2020 compared to 2019. (4) Conclusions: Our findings show that the costs incurred during 2020 in the regional hospitals of Andalusia (Spain) increased significantly in most of the parameters analysed relative to those incurred in the year before the pandemic (i.e., 2019).

Polyols: Is their use safe in enteral nutrition? / Polioles: ¿es seguro su uso en nutrición enteral?

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Identification and prioritisation of risks in a hospital pharmacy using healthcare failure mode and effect analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The goals of this project included identifying the processes and subprocesses performed in hospital pharmacies, identifying potential adverse events, detecting failure modes and the causes of errors, prioritising the risks identified and designing a map of risks for hospital pharmacies. METHODS: A task force composed of hospital pharmacy staff was committed to update the diagram of processes and design a map of processes performed in hospital pharmacies. Risks were identified by failure mode and effect analysis annd prioritised according to their risk priority index (RPI) and criticality. A risk map of adverse events was designed based on the diagram of processes and/or primary activities where the prioritised failure modes were most frequent. RESULTS: In total, 99 failure modes associated with 80 adverse events and 129 causes were identified in eight hospital pharmacy areas/subprocesses. The three areas with the highest percentages of failure modes were inpatient pharmaceutical care, pharmacy laboratory and pharmaceutical technology, and medication management. The 25 failure modes (first quartile) with the highest RPI scores (RPI≥20) and the 25 failure modes with the highest frequency and criticality scores were classified as priority. CONCLUSIONS: According to their RPI, priority failure modes mostly occurred in the area of inpatient pharmaceutical care (92%). However, according to their criticality, priority failure modes were found to homogeneously occur across all pharmaceutical care areas. As general recommendations pharmacists should assume responsibility and leadership in the implementation of safe medication use practices in healthcare centres.

Pancitopenia retardada secundaria a tratamiento con levofloxacino: a propósito de un caso / Delayed pancytopenia due to treatment with levofloxacin: A case report

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Biosimilares, el camino ha comenzado / Biosimilars, the journey has begun

Según la Agencia Europea del Medicamento, un medicamento biosimilar es aquel obtenido por biotecnología que contiene una versión de la sustancia activa del medicamento biológico original (de referencia o innovador), previamente autorizado en el Espacio Económico Europeo. La similitud entre medicamento de referencia y biosimilar en términos de calidad, actividad biológica, seguridad y eficacia debe ser establecida según criterios de comparabilidad integral. El enfoque estándar para un medicamento genérico (demostración de bioequivalencia por estudios de biodisponibilidad) es aplicable a medicamentos derivados de síntesis química y no es suficiente para productos obtenidos por biotecnología, debido a su mayor complejidad estructural. Además estos productos biofarmacéuticos, en contraste con los convencionales, demuestran una mayor capacidad para activar la respuesta inmunitaria. La intercambiabilidad y sustitución en el acto de la prescripción y dispensación, respectivamente, es un aspecto que se plantea de forma continuada y deberá ser tratado por cada Estado Miembro de la Unión Europea, según comunica la Agencia Europea del Medicamento. Con el fin de apoyar la farmacovigilancia y trazabilidad se deberán tomar medidas oportunas para la identificación, atendiendo al nombre del producto, número de lote y fecha de caducidad. La situación en el entorno de la Comunidad Europea así como el marco regulatorio en términos de autorización y comercialización han evolucionado desde las primeras solicitudes (hormona del crecimiento), hace casi una década, hasta la reciente aparición de medicamentos biosimilares molecularmente complejos (anticuerpos monoclonales). Actualmente, la introducción en el mercado de estos medicamentos favorece la competencia mejorando el acceso a nuevas terapias biológicas (AU)

According to the European Medicine Agency, a 'biosimilar' is a biological medicinal product that contains a version of the active substance of an original biological medicinal product (reference or innovative medicinal product) that has been authorized in the European Economic Area. The similarity to the reference medicinal product in terms of quality, biological activity, safety and efficacy needs to be set on a comprehensive comparability basis. The generic standard approach (demonstration of bioequivalence with a reference medicinal product by appropriate bioavailability studies), which is applicable to a wide range of chemically derived medicinal products, is not sufficient to prove the similarity of biotechnology derived products due to their structural complexity. Furthermore, these biopharmaceuticals products, in comparison with the conventional ones, show a greater ability to activate the immune response. The evaluation of biosimilar medicines for authorisation purposes by the European Medicine Agency does not include recommendations on whether a biosimilar should be used interchangeably with its reference medicine. Substitution policies are, therefore, within the remit of the EU member states. In order to support pharmacovigilance monitoring, all appropriate measures should be taken to clearly identify any biological medicinal product with due regard to its brand name and batch number. The situation of the European Community and the regulatory framework have been developed since the first applications (growth hormone), almost a decade ago, until the recent advent (monoclonal antibodies). The introduction to the market of biosimilars have positive effects on competition by improving access to biological therapies (AU)

[Biosimilars, the journey has begun]. / Biosimilares, el camino ha comenzado.

According to the European Medicine Agency, a "biosimilar" is a biological medicinal product that contains a version of the active substance of an original biological medicinal product (reference or innovative medicinal product) that has been authorized in the European Economic Area. The similarity to the reference medicinal product in terms of quality, biological activity, safety and efficacy needs to be set on a comprehensive comparability basis. The generic standard approach (demonstration of bioequivalence with a reference medicinal product by appropriate bioavailability studies), which is applicable to a wide range of chemically derived medicinal products, is not sufficient to prove the similarity of biotechnology derived products due to their structural complexity. Furthermore, these biopharmaceuticals products, in comparison with the conventional ones, show a greater ability to activate the immune response. The evaluation of biosimilar medicines for authorisation purposes by the European Medicine Agency does not include recommendations on whether a biosimilar should be used interchangeably with its reference medicine. Substitution policies are, therefore, within the remit of the EU member states. In order to support pharmacovigilance monitoring, all appropriate measures should be taken to clearly identify any biological medicinal product with due regard to its brand name and batch number. The situation of the European Community and the regulatory framework have been developed since the first applications (growth hormone), almost a decade ago, until the recent advent (monoclonal antibodies). The introduction to the market of biosimilars have positive effects on competition by improving access to biological therapies.

Según la Agencia Europea del Medicamento, un medicamento biosimilar es aquel obtenido por biotecnología que contiene una versión de la sustancia activa del medicamento biológico original (de referencia o innovador), previamente autorizado en el Espacio Económico Europeo. La similitud entre medicamento de referencia y biosimilar en términos de calidad, actividad biológica, seguridad y eficacia debe ser establecida según criterios de comparabilidad integral. El enfoque estándar para un medicamento genérico (demostración de bioequivalencia por estudios de biodisponibilidad) es aplicable a medicamentos derivados de síntesis química y no es suficiente para productos obtenidos por biotecnología, debido a su mayor complejidad estructural. Además estos productos biofarmacéuticos, en contraste con los convencionales, demuestran una mayor capacidad para activar la respuesta inmunitaria. La intercambiabilidad y sustitución en el acto de la prescripción y dispensación, respectivamente, es un aspecto que se plantea de forma continuada y deberá ser tratado por cada Estado Miembro de la Unión Europea, según comunica la Agencia Europea del Medicamento. Con el fin de apoyar la farmacovigilancia y trazabilidad se deberán tomar medidas oportunas para la identificación, atendiendo al nombre del producto, número de lote y fecha de caducidad. La situación en el entorno de la Comunidad Europea así como el marco regulatorio en términos de autorización y comercialización han evolucionado desde las primeras solicitudes (hormona del crecimiento), hace casi una década, hasta la reciente aparición de medicamentos biosimilares molecularmente complejos (anticuerpos monoclonales). Actualmente, la introducción en el mercado de estos medicamentos favorece la competencia mejorando el acceso a nuevas terapias biológicas.